Kuchira

PANGANI
UTHENGA WABWINO 
UTHENGA WABWINO
PANGANI

Izi wokalamba ndi kuipitsa luso ntchito chabe kuwotcha banja zinyalala ndi zinyalala. Kulowetsa moto kumabweretsa kutentha kochepa komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito kuwotchera magetsi kuti apange nthunzi yoyendetsa injini za nthunzi kuti ipange magetsi ochepa. Tekinolojeyi sikuwonanso njira ina yabwino. Zambiri mwazinthu zakalezi zikukonzedwa kupita kumalo opangira magetsi.

UTHENGA WABWINO 

Izi zikuwoneka kuti ndi njira yamtsogolo pazochita komanso chilengedwe. Gasification ndi kugawa woyera mphamvu sayansi kuti angapatutse zosiyanasiyana feedstock mu mphamvu, kuthandiza kuchepetsa kudalira mpweya zochokera zopangira magetsi kupereka woyera zina gwero la magetsi, feteleza, utsi, ndi zothandiza zina umatuluka. Gasification otembenuka iliyonse nsalu mu useable ndi kothandiza mpweya (syngas). Ma syngas amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira magetsi mwachindunji, kudzera ma turbines kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta amagetsi, mafuta a bio, m'malo mwa gasi lachilengedwe (SNG), kapena hydrogen. Pali mitundu yoposa 140 yamagetsi yomwe imagwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Naintini zomera anthu zili mu United States. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukula 70% pofika chaka cha 2015, ndi 80% yakukula kumeneko komwe kukuchitika ku Asia. Pali makampani ambiri omwe amapanga tekinoloje yamagetsi. Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya gasization; Pyrolysis ndi Plasma Arc.

UTHENGA WABWINO

Kusintha kwamagesi ndi njira yothanirana ndi vuto lachilengedwe.
Dziko lapansi likukumana ndi kukwera msanga kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, mitengo yamagetsi yolimba kwambiri, komanso chovuta chofuna kuchepetsa mpweya woipa womwe umatuluka mu kaboni ndikupanga magetsi. Palibe ukadaulo umodzi kapena chida chimodzi chomwe chitha kuthana ndi vutoli, koma kuphatikiza mpweya kumatha kukhala gawo la yankho limodzi ndi magwero amagetsi obwezeretsanso monga mphepo komanso madongosolo amagetsi.
Kusintha kwamagesi kumathandizanso kuti US komanso dziko lapansi zikhale zopanga mpweya wambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa, ndikupanga zinyalala zochepa kuposa zida zamakono. Kaya ntchito mphamvu m'badwo, chifukwa yopanga wogwirizira gasi, kapena kupanga ambiri mankhwala mphamvu kwambiri, gasification ali phindu pa umisiri ochiritsira zachilengedwe.

Gasification amapereka phindu zachilengedwe

Gasification zomera kubala zedi kwambiri m'munsi mwa zoipitsa mpweya.
Kusintha kwamagesi kumathandizanso kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kutaya zinyalala chifukwa kumatha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu monga zinyalala, ndikupanga zinthu zofunikira kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zitha kutayidwa ngati zinyalala.
Zowonjezera zamagesi sizowopsa ndipo zimagulitsidwa mosavuta.
Zomera zamagesi zimagwiritsa ntchito madzi ochepa kuposa magetsi opangira malasha, ndipo zimatha kupangidwanso kuti zithetsenso madziwo, osazigwiritsa ntchito kuzungulira malo ozungulira.
Mpweya woipa (CO2) angathe kulanda ku mafakitale chomera gasification ntchito njira zamakono malonda kutsimikiziridwa. M'malo mwake, kuyambira 2000, Great Plains Substitute Natural gesi ku North Dakota yakhala ikulanda CO2 yofananira ndi yomwe makina amagetsi amtundu wa 400 MW angapangitse ndikutumiza CO2 kudzera paipi yolowera ku Canada chifukwa cha Kukulitsa Mafuta.
Gasification opambana aukhondo njira kothandiza kwambiri yopangira magetsi ku khala ndi otsika mtengo njira kwa wogonjetsa CO2 mphamvu m'badwo, mogwirizana ndi dipatimenti ya Energy.

Phindu la za cuma
Gasification akhoza kupikisana bwino mapangidwe mphamvu mkulu-mtengo kupereka mphamvu ndi mankhwala.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gasi kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kusanduliza chakudya chamtengo wotsika mtengo, monga petcoke ndi malasha, kukhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ngati magetsi, mafuta gasi achilengedwe, mafuta, zida zamafuta ndi feteleza. Mwachitsanzo, chomera chamafuta chimatha kupanga petulo kapena malasha ambiri a sulufule m'malo mwakugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wachilengedwe wamtengo wapatali, potero amachepetsa mtengo wogwira.
Pamene gasification magetsi ndi likulu tima (monga kupanga mbewu iliyonse yaikulu kwambiri), mtengo wake opaleshoni zomwe poyerekeza njira ochiritsira kapena pogwiritsa ntchito malasha amapanga zomera chifukwa zomera gasification ndi waphindu ndi amafuna zochepa kumbuyo-mapeto zipangizo ulamuliro kuipitsa. Ndi kafukufuku wopitiliza ndi kuyeserera kwa chitukuko komanso luso logwiritsa ntchito zamalonda, mtengo wa magawo awa upitilirabe kuchepa.
Petrosi imapereka kusinthasintha kwamafuta. A chomera gasification siyana Kusakaniza wa feedstock olimba, kapena kuthamanga pa mpweya kapena madzi feedstock wopatsa kwambiri ufulu kusintha kwa mtengo ndi kupezeka kwa feedstock ake.
Kutha kupanga zinthu zingapo zamtengo wapatali nthawi imodzi (polygeneration) kumathandizanso malo kuthana ndi ndalama zake komanso ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zikuluzikulu zamagetsi (sulufu ndi slag) zimatha kugulitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, sulfure angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati manyowa ndi slag angagwiritsidwe ntchito yomanga roadbed kapena zipangizo denga.
Fakitala yamagetsi yakugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopezeka ndi malonda ingagwire bwino ntchito 38 381 peresenti. Kusintha kwa ukadaulo pakukonzekera njira zamakono kudzakulitsa luso lanu kwambiri.
Gasification angathe kuonjezera zoweta ndi ntchito mu zotsimikizira mafakitale kuti posachedwapa chayamba kutha chifukwa cha ndalama mkulu mphamvu.
Ambiri amalosera kuti magetsi opangira malasha ndi zida zina zopangira magetsi adzafunika kukagwira ndikuisunga CO2, kapena kutenga nawo mbali pamsika wa kaboni ndi msika wamalonda. Munthawi iyi, mapulojekiti opanga magesi angakhale ndi mwayi wamtengo wapatali pamaluso apadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale CO2 adani ndi sequestration zingawonjezere mtengo uliwonse wa mphamvu m'badwo, ndi IGCC zomera angathe kugwila ndi compress CO2 pa theka la mtengo wa miyambo pulverized mbewu malasha. Zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mpweya wamagetsi, kuphatikiza kupanga mafuta opangira mafuta, mankhwala, feteleza, kapena hydrogen, kutchulapo ochepa, zakhala ndi mtengo wotsika wa kaboni komanso kuponderezana. Izi zipereka phindu lalikulu lazachuma komanso zachilengedwe mdziko lopanda zovuta za kaboni. (Onani Mpweya Jambulani & mtengo psinjika.)
Gasification akhoza m'malo oyaka gasi monga mafuta kapena feedstock. Werengani zambiri.
gasification ikugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Werengani zambiri za akatswiri azachuma.

Mankhwala ndi feteleza
Kukula kwa Mphamvu ndi Gasization
Gwiritsani Ntchito Gasi Wachilengedwe
Hydrogen Yoyesera Mafuta
KUSINTHA KWA DZULE
Tsogolo la gasization
Mankhwala ndi feteleza

Magesi amakono agwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina opangira mankhwala kuyambira 1950s. Mwachilengedwe, makampani opanga mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya kuti apange methanol komanso mankhwala, monga ammonia ndi urea, omwe amapanga feteleza wochokera ku nayitrogeni. Zomera zambiri zomwe zimagwira padziko lonse lapansi zimatulutsa mankhwala ndi feteleza. Ndipo, pamene mitengo yachilengedwe ndi mafuta ikukwera, bizinesi yamafuta ikupanga mitengo yowonjezera ya malasha kuti ipange mafuta oyimitsa.
Kampani ya Eastman Chemical inathandizira kupititsa patsogolo kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wamagesi wopangira malasha ku chomera cha US Eastman cha malasha ku Kingsport, Tennessee atembenuza makala a Appalachian kukhala mankhwala a methanol ndi acetyl. Mtengowo udayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka cha 1983 ndipo udasokosera mafuta opangira matani pafupifupi mamiliyoni 10 ndi 98 mpaka 99 peresenti pazowoneka.

Kukula kwa Mphamvu ndi Gasization

Malasha amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya popangira magetsi kudzera mu mpweya wambiri, womwe umadziwika kuti Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). Izi makamaka khala ndi mphamvu umisiri ntchito anapitiriza wa malasha popanda mkulu mlingo wa mpweya mpweya kugwirizana ndi umisiri ochiritsira malasha moto. M'minda yamagetsi yamagetsi, zodetsa mu syngas zimachotsedwa syngas zisanaphatikizidwe ndi ma turbines. Mosiyana ndi izi, matekinoloji amagetsi wamba amapangira zovalazo pambuyo poyaka, zomwe zimafunikira kuyeretsa mpweya wambiri wa mpweya. Zimenezi ndalama, amachepetsa wodalirika ndipo amapanga mabuku lalikulu zinyansi sulufule othodwa kuti ayenera kutayidwa mu landfills kapena mathamandawa.
Masiku ano, pali zida 15 zamagetsi zamagetsi zomwe zikuyenda bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Pali mbewu zitatu zoterezi zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku United States. Zomera ku Terre Haute, Indiana ndi Tampa, Florida zimapereka mphamvu zamagetsi za baseload, ndipo chachitatu, ku Delaware City, Delaware imapereka magetsi ku chosemedwa cha Valero. (Onani Dziko Lapansi Logwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Yobweretsa Padziko Lonse Lapansi)

Gwiritsani Ntchito Gasi Wachilengedwe

Gasification Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito kulenga wogwirizira gasi (SNG) ku khala ndi feedstocks zina, supplementing US nkhokwe gasi. Ntchito "methanation" anachita, khala ofotokoza syngas apamtima mpweya monoxide (NKHA) ndi wa hydrogen (H2) -can kuti phindu anatembenukira kwa dziko (CH4). Pafupifupi mpweya wachilengedwe wamba, SNG yomwe idatsogola ikhoza kutumizidwa mumayipi amapaipi achilengedwe aku US ndikugwiritsa ntchito magetsi, kupanga magetsi, feteleza, kapena nyumba zotentha ndi mabizinesi. SNG ipititsa chitetezo mnyumba mwa kuthamangitsa mpweya wachilengedwe womwe umachokera kunja womwe nthawi zambiri umaperekedwa mwa mtundu wa Liquefied Natural gesi (LNG).

Hydrogen Yoyesera Mafuta

Hydrogen, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu za syngas, imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta oyeretsa mafuta kuchokera ku mafuta, mafuta a dizilo, ndi mafuta a jet, potero amapanga mafuta oyera oyeretsedwa ndi malamulo aboma ndi boma. Haidrojeni amagwiritsidwanso ntchito Sinthani lolemera mafuta. Mbiri yakale, ayenga kuti ntchito gasi kubala hayidirojeni ameneyu. Tsopano, ndi mtengo kuchuluka kwa gasi, ayenga akufufuza feedstocks zina kubala haidrojeni zofunika. Refineries imatha kupukusa zotsalira zotsika mtengo, monga mafuta ophikira, mafuta amphaka, matayala, ndi zinthu zina zamafuta zochokera pakuyenga, kupanga ma hayidrojeni ofunikira komanso mphamvu ndi mpweya wofunikira pokonzanso.
Mayendedwe Amapangitsa
Gasification angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutulutsa mafuta amene mayendedwe kuchokera mchenga mafuta, malasha ndi nkhuni. Werengani zambiri zamitundu iliyonse.

KUSINTHA KWA DZULE

Gasification yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito modalirika padziko lonse lapansi kwa zaka zoposa 50 ndi makampani opanga mafuta amafuta, kukonza, ndi feteleza komanso makampani opanga magetsi kwa zaka zoposa 35. Pakadali pano pali mitundu yopitilira 340 yopanga magesi, yophatikiza 820 magesi, yomwe ikugwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi.
Zomera khumi ndi zinayi za mbewu zotulutsa mpweyazi zili ku United States. (Onani Zomera Zomwe Zikupezeka ku gasification ku US).

Tsogolo la gasization

Kuchuluka kwa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kukuyembekezeka kukula 70% pofika chaka cha 2015, ndi 80 peresenti ya kukula komwe kumachitika ku Asia. The Zoyenda malonda pazikhala kukula sikhala ndi mafakitale mankhwala, feteleza, ndi khala ndi zakumwa mu China, mchenga mafuta mu Canada, polygeneration (hydrogen ndi mphamvu kapena mankhwala) ndipo mmalo gasi mu United States, ndi kuyenga mu Europe
ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mpweya wamagetsi kukukulira. Ntchito angapo gasification ali pansi chitukuko kupereka nthunzi ndi wa hydrogen Sinthani yosakongola kupanga mu mafuta mchenga makampani ku Canada. Komanso, makampani pepala ndi kuwona momwe gasification angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti ntchito zawo waphindu ndi kuchepetsa kuwononga mitsinje.
Zinthu zingapo zimathandizira chidwi chochulukirapo pakupanga mpweya, kuphatikiza mitengo ya mafuta ndi gasi zachilengedwe, kulimba kwachilengedwe, komanso mgwirizano womwe ukukulira kuti utsogoleri wa CO2 ukufunika popanga magetsi komanso kupanga magetsi. (Onani mitengo ya US Energy).
China chikuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa kwafalikira kwambiri gasification lonse. Kuyambira 2004, mbewu 29 zatsopano zamagalimoto zakhala ndi chilolezo ndi / kapena zomangidwa ku China. Mosiyana ndi izi, palibe mbewu zatsopano zatsopano zomwe zidayamba kugwira ntchito ku United States kuyambira 2002.
Makampani opanga magesi amafunikira kukula kwambiri ku United States ngakhale pali zovuta zambiri, kuphatikizapo kukwera mtengo kwa zomangamanga komanso kusatsimikizika kwa zoyenera ndi malamulo.

ZISANGALALO ZOTHANDIZA

Mafuta Onyamula Kuchokera Kumchenga Wamafuta
"Mchenga wamafuta" ku Alberta, Canada akuyerekezeredwa kuti ali ndi mafuta omwe angathe kubwezeretseka (m'njira ya phula) monga minda yayitali yamafuta ku Saudi Arabia. Komabe, kuti asinthe zinthu zatsopanozi kukhala zopangira zabwino zimafunika kuchimbira pamchenga wamafuta ndikumakonzanso phula lantheura. Kupanga migodi kumaphatikizapo mphamvu zambiri kuti zithekanitse phula ndi mchenga ndipo kuyenga kumafunikitsanso kuchuluka kwa haidrojeni kuti akonzenso "mafuta osakwiya" pazinthu zomalizidwa. Zotsalira kuchokera pakupititsa patsogolo ntchito zimaphatikizapo petcoke, detsphalted bottoms, zogona vacuum, ndi asphalt / asphaltenes - zonse zimakhala ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pachikhalidwe, ogwiritsa ntchito mchenga wamafuta agwiritsa ntchito gasi lachilengedwe kuti apange mpweya wambiri ndi haidrojeni wofunikira migodi, kukonza, ndi kukonza mafuta. Komabe, ogwiritsira ntchito ambiri posachedwapa adzagwiritsira ntchito petcoke kuti ipereke nthunzi yoyenera ndi hydrogen. Sikuti zinthu zongowononga mafuta achilengedwe ngati chodyetsera, zidzathandizanso kuti kupezako mphamvu zogwiritsidwa ntchito pazomwe zili zotsika mtengo kwambiri (petcoke). Kuphatikiza apo, madzi akuda ochokera kumigodi ndikuyeretsa njira zitha kubwezeretsedwanso kwa operekera mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito njira yonyowa, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi atsopano ndikuwononga ndalama zowonongera. (Izi sizofunikira, chifukwa mchenga wamafuta amtundu umakhala ndi madzi ambiri.)
Mafuta
Onyamula mayendedwe
Munjira yachiwiri yotchedwa Methanol- to-Petroline (MTG), ma syngas amasinthidwa koyamba kukhala methanol (njira yogulitsira malonda) ndipo methanol imasinthidwa kukhala petulo poyiponya pabedi lamasewera. Chomera chochita malonda cha MTG chinagwira bwino ntchito m'ma 1980 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka zam'ma 1990 ku New Zealand ndipo mbewu zikupanga chitukuko ku China komanso ku US
Transportation Fuels kuchokera ku Biomass
Gasification ikugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati maziko osinthira biomass kukhala mafuta oyendera. Biomass, (monga zinyalala zaulimi, udzu wosintha, kapena zinyalala zamatabwa) imasinthidwa kukhala mpweya wophatikizika kudzera pa mpweya. Mpweya wa kaphatikizidwewo umaperekedwa kwa othandizira osiyanasiyana ndikuwusintha kukhala mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito, monga cellulosic ethanol kapena bio-dizili. Zomera zingapo zazomera zakumwa zamadzi zakumwa tsopano.

PYROLYSIS
umapangitsa kuti pakhale mpweya wabwino popanda mpweya. Pyrolysis imakonda kupanikizika komanso kutentha pantchito kuposa 430 ° C (800 ° F). Mawuwa adapangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe zidachokera ku Greek zomwe zimalemba kuti "moto" ndikuwunika "kulekanitsa". Pyrolysis ndi milandu yapadera ya thermolysis, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zachilengedwe. Kubwezeretsa kapena kupendekera kwa nkhuni, komwe kumayambira pa 200-300 ° C (390-570 ° F), ndipo kumachitika mwachilengedwe mwachitsanzo masamba atakumana ndi chiphalaphala chamoto. Mwambiri, pyrolysis ya zinthu zachilengedwe imatulutsa gasi ndi zakumwa kusiya chotsalira chotsalira cha kaboni. Kwambiri pyrolysis, yomwe imasiya kaboni kakang'ono kwambiri mongaotsalira, imatchedwa carbonization.

PYROLYSIS GASIFICATIONa

Kuwonetsedwa kosavuta kwa chemistry ya pyrolysis. 
Pyrolysis ndi kusintha kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe pamtunda wokwezeka pakalibe mpweya. Pyrolysis imakonda kupanikizika komanso kutentha pantchito kuposa 430 ° C (800 ° F). Mawuwa adapangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe zidachokera ku Greek zomwe zimalemba kuti "moto" ndikuwunika "kulekanitsa".
Pyrolysis ndimlandu wapadera wa thermolysis, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zamagulu, popeza ndiye imodzi mwanjira zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndikulipira. Kuphulika kwa matabwa komwe kumayambira 200-300 ° C (390-55 ° F), [1] kumachitika mwachitsanzo pamoto kapena pomwe masamba akumana ndi chiphalaphala chamoto. Mwambiri, pyrolysis ya zinthu zachilengedwe imatulutsa mafuta ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi ndipo imasiya chotsalira chotsalira cha kaboni. Kwambiri pyrolysis, yomwe imasiya kaboni kakang'ono kwambiri mongaotsalira, imatchedwa carbonization.
Mchitidwewu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani opanga mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, kuti apange makala, makala a carbon, methanol ndi mankhwala ena amtengo, kuti asinthe ethylene dichloride kukhala chloride wa vinyl kuti apange PVC, kutulutsa coke ku malasha, kusintha biomass kukhala syngas, Kusintha zinyalala kukhala zinthu zotayikira bwino, ndikusintha ma hydrocarboni apakatikati kukhala mafuta kukhala opepuka ngati mafuta. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwapadera kwa pyrolysis kumeneku kumatha kutchedwa mayina osiyanasiyana, monga kupukusa kapena kuwuma, kuwononga kapena kubera.
Pyrolysis imathandizanso pa njira zingapo zophikira, monga kuphika, kuphika, grill, ndi kupaka mafuta. Ndipo ndi chida chofufuza zamankhwala, mwachitsanzo pakuwonetsa masanjidwe ambiri komanso chibwenzi cha carbon-14. Zoonadi, zinthu zambiri zofunika zamafuta, monga phosphorous ndi sulfuric acid, zidayamba kupezeka ndi izi. Pyrolysis imaganiziridwa kuti imachitika panthawi ya catageneis, kutembenuza kwa zinthu zoyikidwa m'maso kukhala zofunikira zakale. Ndiwo maziko a pyrography.
Pokonza thupi, Aigupto akale adagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosakaniza, kuphatikizapo methanol, zomwe adazipeza kuchokera kumtengo wamatabwa.
Pyrolysis imasiyana ndi njira zina zotentha kwambiri monga kuyaka ndi hydrolysis chifukwa sizimakhudza kutulutsa ndi mpweya, madzi, kapena michere ina iliyonse. Pochita sizotheka kukwaniritsa mpweya wopanda mpweya wabwino kwathunthu. Chifukwa mpweya wina ulipo mu pyrolysis iliyonse, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ambiri amapezeka.
Mawuwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe pamaso pamadzi kapena nthunzi yotentha (hydrous pyrolysis), mwachitsanzo pakusweka kwa mafuta.
Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito
Pyrolysis nthawi zambiri kumachitika koyamba kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika poyaka mafuta ambiri olimba, monga nkhuni, nsalu, ndi pepala, zinyalala za masepala komanso mitundu ina ya pulasitiki. M'moto wamatabwa, malawi owoneka sakhala chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa nkhuni, koma m'malo mwa mpweya wotulutsidwa ndi pyrolysis yake; pomwe moto woyaka wopanda mphamvu ndi kuphatikizika kwa zotsalira (makala) zotsalira nazo. Chifukwa chake, pyrolysis yazinthu wamba monga nkhuni, pulasitiki, ndi zovala ndizofunikira kwambiri kutetezedwa kwamoto komanso kuzimitsa moto.
Kuphika
Pyrolysis kumachitika nthawi iliyonse chakudya chikakhala ndi kutentha kokwanira pamalo owuma, monga kukazinga, kuphika, kuwotcha, kupukusa chakudya, ndi zina .. Ndi njira ya mankhwala yomwe imayambitsa kupukutika kwa golide wonyezimira wazakudya zomwe zakonzedwa ndi njirazi .
Pophika wamba, zakudya zazikulu zomwe zimadwala pyrolysis ndi chakudya chamagulu (monga shuga, wowuma, ndi fiber) ndi mapuloteni. Kusintha kwa mafuta kumafuna kutentha kwambiri, ndipo popeza amapanga zinthu zapoizoni ndi zoyaka (monga acrolein), zimapewedwa kuphika wamba. Zitha kuchitika, komabe, pakudya nyama yambiri mafuta pamakala amoto otentha.
Ngakhale kuphika kumachitika nthawi zambiri m'mlengalenga, kutentha ndi momwe zimakhalira ndi chilengedwe kotero kuti pali kusakanikirana pang'ono kapena koyambirira kwa zinthu zoyambirira kapena zinthu zawo zowola. Makamaka, pyrolysis ya mapuloteni ndi ma carbohydrate amayambira kutentha kwambiri kuposa kutentha kwapadera kwa zotsalira zolimba, ndipo zopangidwa mosasunthika zimatsitsidwa kwambiri mlengalenga kuti zitha kuyatsa. (M'makudya a flambé, malawi amayaka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza mowa, pomwe kutumphuka kumapangika ndi pyrolysis monga kuphika.)
Kusungunuka kwa mafuta ndi mapuloteni amafunika kutentha kwambiri kuposa 100 ° C (212 ° F), motero pyrolysis imatero sizimachitika bola ngati madzi aulere alipo, mwachitsanzo pakuphika chakudya - osaphika. Mukatenthetsedwa pamaso pa madzi, chakudya ndi mapuloteni amayamba kuvutika pang'onopang'ono m'malo mwa pyrolysis. Inde, pazakudya zambiri, pyrolysis nthawi zambiri imangokhala kwa chakudya chakunja, ndipo imangoyambika zigawozo zitatha.
Kutentha kwa pyrolysis kumakhala kotsika kuposa kukomoka kwa lipids, kotero pyrolysis imachitika mukamadzaza mafuta amafuta kapena suet, kapena kuphika nyama mumafuta ake omwe.
Pyrolysis imathandizanso kwambiri popanga tiyi wa barele, khofi, ndi mtedza wokazinga monga mtedza ndi ma amondi. Popeza izi zimakhala ndi zida zowuma, njira ya pyrolysis siyangokhala ndi zigawo zakunja koma imafalikira muzinthu zonse. Muzochitika zonsezi, pyrolysis imapanga kapena kutulutsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kukoma, mtundu, ndi kwachilengedwa cha chinthu chomaliza. Ikhozanso kuwononga zinthu zina zomwe ndi za poizoni, zosakoma, kapena zina zomwe zingapangitse kuti ziwonongeke.
Pyrolysis yamalamulo yoyendetsedwa kuyambira pa 170 ° C (338 ° F) imapanga caramel, mtengo wamtundu wamafuta a bulauni womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu confectionery ndi (mwanjira ya utoto wa caramel) monga mtundu wa mitundu ya zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ndi zina zotukuka chakudya.
Chotsalira chotsalira pamatumbo a chakudya chosasukidwa ndi chofalikira chimapangitsa kudzala kwamtundu wa bulauni komwe kumawonedwa nthawi zambiri pamatumba ophikira, pamwamba pa chitofu, ndi mkati mwa uvuni.

Makala a makala
akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira nthawi zakale pakusintha nkhuni kukhala makala pamalonda. Kupatula nkhuni, njirayi imagwiritsanso ntchito utuchi ndi zinthu zina zonyansa zamatabwa.
Makala amapezeka ndikutenthetsa nkhuni mpaka kupezeka kwathunthu kwa pyrolysis (carbonization), ndikungosiyira phulusa ndi phula. M'madera ambiri padziko lapansi, makala amoto amapangiridwapo, mwa kuwotcha nkhuni zomwe zaphimbidwa ndi matope kapena njerwa. Kutentha komwe kumayatsidwa ndikumayatsidwa ndi nkhuni komanso kosasunthika kwa muluwo. Kupezeka kochepa kwa mpweya kumapangitsa kuti makala asayakenso. Njira ina yamakono ndikutentha nkhuni mchombo cholimba chopanda mpweya, chomwe sichimayipitsa kwambiri ndipo chimalola kuti zinthuzo zisamayende bwino.
Kapangidwe ka mtima ka nkhuni ndi ma pores opangidwa ndi mpweya wothawa ndikuphatikizira ndikupanga zinthu zowala komanso zowoneka bwino. Poyambira ndi zinthu zazingwe ngati nkhuni, kapena miyala yamapichesi, munthu amapeza mawonekedwe amakala ndi mitengo yabwino ((chifukwa chake ndi malo akulu kwambiri), otchedwa carbon activated, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati adsorbent kwa lonse osiyanasiyana mankhwala.
Ma Biochar
Zotsalira za pyrolysis zosakwanira, mwachitsanzo kuchokera pamoto wophika, zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri pamadothi oyamba omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi nzika zakale zaphiri la Amazon. Terra preta imafunidwa kwambiri ndi alimi am'deralo chifukwa chonde chambiri poyerekeza ndi dothi lofiira la m'derali. Zoyesayesa zikuchitika kuti zibwezeretsenso dothi kudzera pa biochar, zotsalira za pyrolysis zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zambiri zonyansa.
Biochar imakongoletsa kapangidwe ka nthaka ndi chilengedwe, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yake yosungira feteleza ndikumamasula pang'onopang'ono. Mwachilengedwe mumakhala micronutrients ambiri ofunikira ndi zomera, monga selenium. Ndiwotetezedwa kuposa ma feteleza ena "achilengedwe" monga manyowa kapena chimbudzi popeza anathira mankhwala otentha kwambiri, ndipo popeza amachotsetsa michere yake pang'onopang'ono, amachepetsa kwambiri vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa madzi patebulo.
Biochar ikuwonedwanso ngati kubwezeredwa kwa kaboni, ndi cholinga chochepetsera kutentha kwadziko. Chifukwa pyrolysis imawotcha mpweya wosasunthika, biochar imangotulutsa madzi amadzimadzi. Potentha mipweya yoyipa, kaboni yokhazikika ikhoza kuyesedwanso pansi kuti ikhalebe kwazaka zambiri.
Coke
Pyrolysis imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo waukulu kusintha malasha kukhala coke popangira zitsulo, makamaka kupanga zitsulo. Coke ikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku zotsalira zotsalira kuchokera kumafuta oyenga.
Zinthu zoyambira izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma atomu a haidrojeni, nayitrogeni kapena okosijeni ophatikizidwa ndi kaboni mu ma molekyulu apakatikati mpaka kulemera kwakukulu. Kupanga koke kapena kupanga "coke" kumakhala kutenthetsa zinthuzo m'matumba otsekedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri (mpaka 2000 ° C kapena 3,600 ° F), kotero kuti mamolekyuwo amathyoledwa pansi kukhala zinthu zopepuka, zomwe zimachoka m'ngalawamo. ndi yotsalira koma yolimba yotsalira yomwe imakhala phulusa ndi phulusa. Kuchuluka kwa volatiles kumasiyana ndi zomwe zimachokera, koma 25 25%% yake mwa kulemera.
CHIKWANGWANI cha
Carbon fiber ndizowoneka ngati kaboni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira ulusi wamphamvu ndi nsalu. Katundu wa kaboni wa kaboni nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mwa kuluka ndi kuluka chinthu chomwe akufuna kuchokera ku ulusi wa polima yoyenerera, kenako ndikumataya zinthuzo pamtunda wambiri (kuyambira 1,500-3,000 ° C kapena 2,730-5,430 ° F).
Ulusi woyamba wa kaboni unapangidwa kuchokera ku rayon, koma polyacrylonitrile chakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri
Pazoyimira zamagetsi zoyamba kugwira ntchito, a Joseph Wilson Swan ndi a Thomas Edison anagwiritsa ntchito zolaula za kaboni zopangidwa ndi pyrolysis ya ulusi wa thonje ndi nsungwi za bamboo, motsatana.
Biofuel
Pyrolysis ndiye maziko a njira zingapo zomwe zikupangika popanga mafuta kuchokera ku biomass, zomwe zingaphatikizepo mwina zokolola zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zitheke kapena zopangidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zochokera ku mafakitale ena.
Ngakhale mafuta opangira dizilo sangathe kupangika mwachindunji ndi pyrolysis ya zinthu zopangira zinthu zachilengedwe, pali njira yopangira mafuta amodzimodzi ("mafuta a bio") omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta, atachotsa mankhwala ofunika a bio omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga zowonjezera zakudya kapena zamankhwala. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumachitika ndi otchedwa flash pyrolysis kumene magawo ogawanika bwino amawotedwa msanga mpaka pakati pa 350 ndi 500 ° C (660 ndi 930 ° F) kwa mphindi zosakwana ziwiri.
Mafuta a bio-mafuta ofanana ndi mafuta osakhazikika amatha kupikidwanso ndi hydrous pyrolysis kuchokera kumitundu yambiri yazodyetsa, kuphatikiza zinyalala zochokera kuulimi wa nkhumba ndi mtundu wa turkey, pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa mafuta depolymerization (yomwe imatha kuphatikizanso zochita zina kupatula pyrolysis).
Kutaya zinyalala pulasitiki
Anhydrous pyrolysis itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga mafuta amadzimadzi ofanana ndi dizilo kuchokera ku zinyalala za pulasitiki.
Njira M'mafakitale
ambiri ogwira ntchito, njirayi imachitidwa mopanikizidwa komanso kutentha kwa opareshoni kuposa 430 ° C (806 ° F). Pa zinyalala zaulimi, mwachitsanzo, kutentha wamba ndi 450 mpaka 550 ° C (840 mpaka 1,000 ° F).
Vutum pyrolysis
Mu vacuum pyrolysis, zinthu zakuthupi zimayatsidwa mu vacuum kuti zichepetse kuwira komanso kupewa kuyipa kwamankhwala. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu organic chemistry ngati chida chopangira. Mu flash vacuum thermolysis kapena FVT, nthawi yomwe akukhala gawo lapansi pa kutentha kwa ntchito ndi ochepa momwe mungathere, kachiwiri kuti muchepetse kusintha kwachiwiri.
Njira za biomass pyrolysis
Popeza pyrolysis ndi endothermic, njira zosiyanasiyana zakhala zikufunidwa kuti zipangitse kutentha kuzinthu zomwe zimachitika mwatsatanetsatane:
Kuphatikizana pang'ono kwa zinthu zotsalira kudzera pakubaya. Izi zimabweretsa zotsika mtengo.
Kusintha kwachindunji ndi mpweya wotentha, gasi wopangira bwino yemwe amakonzedwanso komanso wobwezerezedwanso. Vutoli ndikupereka kutentha kokwanira ndi mitengo yamagetsi oyenera.
Kutentha kosasinthika ndi mawonekedwe osinthika (khoma, machubu). Ndikosavuta kukwaniritsa kusunthira kutentha kwamphepo mbali zonse ziwiri zosinthira kutentha.
Kutumiza kwawotcha mwachindunji ndi ma sodium ozungulira: Ma Solidi amatumiza kutentha pakati pa owotcha ndi pyrolysis riyakitala. Awa ndiukadaulo wogwira mtima koma wovuta.
Pazithunzi zamagalimoto tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri tambiri tomwe timafunikira tiyenera kuti tizikhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayambira pamwamba pa tinthu timene tiyenera kuyichotsa mosalekeza. Njira zotsatirazi zapangidwa kuti zikhale ndi zotsalira za biomass pyrolysis:
Mabedi okhazikika adagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira makala. Kusintha pang'ono, kutentha pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa zokolola zochepa kwambiri zamadzimadzi.
Auger: Ukadaulo uwu umasinthidwa kuchokera ku ndondomeko ya Lurgi yopangira mphamvu zamagesi. Mchenga wotentha ndi tinthu ta biomass timadyetsedwa mbali imodzi ya kanga. Chopanga chimasakaniza mchenga ndi biomass ndikuzipereka pamodzi. Imapereka chiwongolero chabwino cha nthawi yokhalamo. Siphatikiza mafuta a pyrolysis ndi chonyamulira kapena mpweya wamafuta. Komabe, mchenga umayenera kusambitsidwanso m'chiwiya china, ndipo kudalirika kwamakina ndi nkhawa. Palibe ntchito yamakampani yayikulu.
Njira zoyipa: Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasunthidwa mofulumira kwambiri motsutsana ndi chitsulo chotentha. Kuchepa kwa chida chilichonse chopanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono pamakhala kutentha kwakukulu. Izi zitha kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosunthira pamtunda wa biomass tinthu tambiri, tomwe timayambitsa zovuta zodalirika koma zimalepheretsa kuwonongeka kulikonse. Ngati njira ina, tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatha kuyimitsidwa mu mpweya wonyamula ndikuwonetsa pa liwiro lalikulu kudzera mumphepo yamkuntho yomwe khoma lake limatenthedwa; zinthu zimachepetsedwa ndi mafuta onyamula. Vuto lomwe limagawidwa ndi njira zonse zodziwikiratu ndikuti kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kovuta chifukwa chiwerengero cha khoma pamtunda wa riyakitala chimachepera pomwe kukula kwa riyakitala kumakulitsidwa. Palibe ntchito yamakampani yayikulu.
Chulukitsa wosunthira: Mchenga wotentha msanga ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa nyemba. Chifukwa cha kutembenuka kwa chulu, kusakaniza kwa mchenga ndi biomass kumayendetsedwa kudutsa pakati pa chulu ndi mphamvu ya centrifugal. Monga zida zina zopanda mayendedwe ogona osagoneka bwino tinthu tambiri timafunikira kuti tipeze phindu lamadzi. Palibe ntchito yayikulu yamalonda.
Mabedi okhala ndi madzi ophatikizika: Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa bedi lamchenga lotentha lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi mpweya, womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wogulitsidwanso mafuta. Kutentha kwakukulu pamchenga wamadzimadzi kumapangitsa kuti kuzizira kwamphamvu kwa tinthu ta biomass. Pali zina zomwe zimakomoka mwa kukopa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, koma sizothandiza monga momwe zimakhalira. Kutentha kumakhala kuperekedwa ndi machubu amtundu wotentha womwe mpweya woyaka umayenda. Pali zinthu zina zofunika kuzikonza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuvutikira kenako ndikuchotsa nkhuni zamafuta a bio ku mpweya wotuluka womaliza. Njira izi zakwaniritsidwa ndi makampani monga Dynamotive ndi Agri-Therm. Zovuta zazikulu ndikutukula mafuta a bio.
Mabedi ozungulira madzi: Tinthu tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa bedi lamchenga lotentha. Gasi, mchenga ndi tinthu ta biomass timayendera limodzi, mpweya wamagalimoto nthawi zambiri umakhala wogulitsanso zinthu, ngakhale ungakhale mpweya woyaka. Kutentha kwakukulu pamchenga kumapangitsa kuti magetsi azitenthe msanga komanso kufinya kumakhala kwamphamvu kuposa kukhala ndimabedi amadzimadzi nthawi zonse. Olekanitsa mwachangu amalekanitsa mipweya ndi zinthu kuchokera kumchenga ndi ma tinthu. Tinthu tosanjikizidwamo timasinthidwamo m'madzi otenthetsera madzi ndikuwabwezeretsa ku purakitala. Ngakhale njirayi imatha kufupika mosavuta, imakhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo zinthuzo zimasungunuka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri zamadzimadzi zitheke.
Zochokera mafakitale
Zinthu zambiri za organic zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha pyrolosis. Zomera zoyenera ndizophatikiza: greenwaste ,, utuchi, zinyalala zonyansa, udzu wamtchire; ndi magawo azilimo kuphatikiza: zipolopolo za mtedza, udzu, zinyalala za thonje, ngalande zamapunga, sinthani udzu; ndi zinyalala za nkhuku, manyowa amkaka komanso manyowa ena omwe mwina ali ndi manyowa. Pyrolysis imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yamatenda othandizira kuchepetsa zinyalala zam'nyumba. Zina zopangidwa kuchokera ku mafakitale ndizothandizanso poyambira kuphatikiza mapepala
ndi mitsempha ya mitengo ina.
Industrial mankhwala
syngas (flammable chisakanizo cha mpweya monoxide ndi wa hydrogen): akhoza kupangidwa zedi okwanira onse kupereka mphamvu pyrolysis ndi ena kupanga muyeso
gale- olimba kuti zikhonza kukhala kuwotchedwa mphamvu kapena zobwezerezedwanso monga feteleza (biochar) .
Chitetezo chamoto Moto 
wowononga m'makomo nthawi zambiri umayaka ndi kuperewera kwa okosijeni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pyrolysis itembenuke. Chifukwa chake, zida za pyrolysis ndi zida za pyrolysis ndizofunikira pachitetezo chamoto popanga chitetezo chamoto. Carbon ya Pyrolytic ndiyofunikanso kwa omwe amafufuza moto ngati chida chodziwitsira zoyambira ndi zoyambitsa moto.

Mitundu ya PLASMA kapena PLASMA ArC GALIFICATION
Mitundu ina
Plasma
Plasma ndi mpweya wa ionized womwe umapangidwa pomwe gawo lamagetsi limadutsa gasi. Kutulutsa kotsatira kuchokera ku mphezi ndi chitsanzo cha plasma yomwe imapezeka m'chilengedwe. Ma tors a plasma ndi ma arc amasinthira mphamvu zamagetsi kukhala mphamvu yayikulu yamafuta (kutentha). Mitambo ndi ma arcs a plasma amatha kupanga kutentha mpaka madigiri 10,000 Fahrenheit. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito chomera cha magesi, ma torch a plasma ndi ma arc amatulutsa kutentha kwambiri, komwe kumayambitsa ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi, komanso kumathandizira kuti izi zisinthe, ndikupangitsa kuti mpweya ukhale wabwino.
Plasma Petrization
Mkati mwa gasi, magesi otentha ochokera mu torch kapena plasma amalumikizana ndi malo othandizira, monga zinyalala za komara, zinyalala zamagalimoto, zinyalala zamankhwala, zinyalala kapena zowopsa, ndikuziwotcha kwa madigiri oposa 3,000. Kutentha kwambiri kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti magesi azigwirizana, omwe amasemphanitsa zida zamagetsi ndi kuzisandutsa mpweya wamphesa (syngas). Ma syngas amapangidwa makamaka ndi kaboni monoxide ndi hydrogen, zomangira zomanga thupi, feteleza, mpweya wachilengedwe, ndi mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito madzi. Ma syngas amathanso kutumizidwa kuma injini zamagetsi kapena injini zobwezeretsa kuti apange magetsi, kapena kuphatikizidwa kuti apange nthunzi yamagetsi yamagetsi yamafuta.
Chifukwa choti zomwe zimadya mkati mwa magesi zimasinthidwa kukhala zofunikira zawo, ngakhale zinyalala zowopsa zimakhala syngas yothandiza. Zinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimapezeka m'zosungirazi zimasungunuka ndikusungidwa mu slag yokhala ngati galasi, yomwe siyowopsa ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zingapo, monga zomanga pamsewu ndi zida zapa.
zamalonda za
Plasma
Pali mbewu za plasma gasification zomwe zikugwira ntchito ku Japan, Canada ndi India. Mwachitsanzo, malo ku Utashinai, Japan akhala akugwira ntchito kuyambira 2001, akuphatikiza zinyalala zokhazikitsidwa ndi masisitere ndi zotayira zamagalimoto kuti zipange magetsi. Pali mitundu ingapo ya mafuta ku United States.
Ubwino Madzi a m'magazi Gasification
Madzi a m'magazi gasification amapereka angapo ubwino izi:
Ndi chimatsegula kuchuluka chachikulu cha mphamvu zinyalala
Feedstock akhoza kusakaniza, monga zinyalala oyang'anira tauni olimba, zotsalira zazomera, matayala, zinyalala woopsawo ndi magalimoto shredder zinyalala
Kotero sikuyenera pangani methane, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha (wowonjezera kutentha)
Sipangokhala chifukwa chake samapanga phulusa pansi kapena phulusa la ntchentche
Imachepetsa kufunika kwa kutaya zinyalala
Imatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatha kuphatikizidwa mu injini yamagetsi kapena kubwezeretsanso kuti titulutse magetsi kapena zina kukonzedwa mu mankhwala, feteleza, kapena kayendedwe utsi-potero kuchepetsa kufunika zipangizo namwali kubala mankhwala
Iwo ali mwapadera otsika mpweya zachilengedwe

BIOMASS GASIFICATION
Biomass imaphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza mbewu zamphamvu monga udzu wamchenga ndi magwero onse azinthu monga ma chimanga,
Zotsalira zazomera gasification zomera osiyana ku zikuluzikulu njira gasification amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maofesi aakulu mafakitale monga zomera mphamvu, ayenga, ndi zomera mankhwala, ngakhale zosiyanasiyana mitundu ya gasification mosavuta pamodzi.
Zoberekera
Biomass nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi chinyezi chambiri chomwe chimatha kukhala 25% (Mwa Kulemera) nthawi zina. Kupezeka kwa mpweya wambiri wa chinyontho zotsalira zazomera kumachepetsa kutentha mkati gasifier, amene ndiye kumachepetsa dzuwa la gasifier lapansi. Choncho, ambiri umisiri zotsalira zazomera gasification amafuna kuti zotsalira zazomera kukhala zouma kuchepetsa chinyezi wokhutira isanafike kudyetsa mu gasifier lapansi. Izi zitha kukhala mwayi wowonjezerapo ngati chinyezi chitha kutulutsidwa ndikukakonzedwa m'madzi ambiri a deionized (Omata). Madzi oyera.
Air zokula Gasification
ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ngati nkhuni gasification machitidwe ntchito mpweya m'malo mpweya chifukwa zochita gasification. Magesi omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya amafunika gawo lolekanirana ndi mpweya kuti lipatse mpweya wabwino wa gaseous / madzi; Izi sizikhala zotsika mtengo pamiyeso yaying'ono yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzomera zotsalira zazomera. Magesi ophulika ndi mpweya amagwiritsa ntchito mpweya mu mlengalenga kuti agwirizane ndi mpweya.
Kukula kwa mbewu
Ambiri, mbewu za biomass gasization ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomera zamafuta, zamafuta, feteleza ndi kukonza. Mwakutero, ndizotsika mtengo kumanga ndipo ndiyokhala ndi malo ocheperako "mawonekedwe oyenda". Ngakhale chachikulu mafakitale gasification mbewu pangatenge maekala 150 dziko ndi pokonza matani 2,500-15,000 patsiku la feedstock (monga malasha kapena coke mafuta), zomera ang'onoang'ono zotsalira zazomera ambiri pokonza matani 25-200 wa feedstock patsiku senza zochepa kuposa maekala 10.
Zotsalira zazomera kuti M'mowa ndi Phula Amapangitsa
Panopa kwambiri Mowa amapangidwa kuchokera nayonso mphamvu ya chimanga. Kuchuluka kwa chimanga ndi nthaka, madzi ndi feteleza ndizofunikira kuti apange Mowa. Pamene chimanga chambiri chikugwiritsidwa ntchito, pali nkhawa yowonjezereka ya chimanga chochepa kupezeka chakudya. Kupaka mafuta obowoleza, monga mapesi a chimanga, mankhusu, ndi nkhokwe, ndi zinthu zina zonyansa zaulimi kuti apange ethanol ndi zinthu zopangira monga dizilo ndi mafuta a jet zitha kuthandiza kuthana ndi mpikisano wama chakudya.
Zotsalira zazomera, monga pellets nkhuni, pabwalo ndi zinyansi mbewu, ndi "mbewu mphamvu" monga lophimba udzu ndi kuwononga kwa zamkati ndi pepala mphero angagwiritsidwe ntchito zokolola Mowa ndi dizilo kupanga. Biomass imayamba kupangidwira mpweya kuti ipange mpweya wopanga (syngas), kenako osinthidwa kudzera m'njira zopangika ndi zinthu zotsikira pansi izi.
Biomass to Power
Biomass ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira magetsi, osakanikirana ndi zatsamba zachikhalidwe, monga malasha kapena okha. Chomera cha Nuon cha IGCC ku Buggenum, Netherlands chimalumikiza pafupifupi 30% biomass ndi malasha pantchito yawo yamagetsi kuti apange magetsi.
Kucheka Kwa Ndalama, Kuchulukitsa Mphamvu
Chaka chilichonse, mabwanawa amawononga ndalama mamiliyoni ambiri kutola ndikutaya zonyansa, monga zinyalala za pabwalo (zopindika udzu ndi masamba) ndi zomangamanga ndi zinyalala. Ngakhale ena mizinda yambiri manyowa pabwalo zinyansi, zimatenga zosonkhanitsira osiyana ndi mzinda umene uli ndalama mizinda ambiri sangakwanitse kugula.
Zinyalala za Yard komanso zinyalala zomanga ndi kuwononga zinthu zitha kutenga dothi labwino, kufupikitsa moyo wa kutulutsa zinyalala. Mizinda yambiri imakumana ndi kuchepa kwa malo. Ndi mpweya, izi siziwonongeranso zinyama, koma zowonjezera chakudya cha zotsalira zazomera. M'malo momvera kutaya ndi kukonza zinyalala kwa zaka akhala akutayirapo dothi, akugwiritsa ntchito ngati feedstock kumachepetsa ndalama nazo, akhala akutayirapo dothi danga ndi otembenuzidwa zinyalala mphamvu ndi mafuta.
Ubwino zotsalira zazomera Gasification
akatembenuka mankhwala zinyalala mu mtengo wapatali mphamvu & mankhwala
achepetsedwa kufunika akhala akutayirapo dothi malo kutaya zinyansi olimba
utachepa mpweya wa methane ku landfills
Zochepa chiopsezo kuipitsidwa pansi kuchokera landfills
Kupanga Mowa ku magwero si chakudya

KUGWIRA NTCHITO

Kutaya Energy
Gasification angathe kutembenuza zipangizo zambiri ankaona zinyalala mu mphamvu ndi mankhwala wapatali. Ku US kokha, matani masauzande ambiri amphamvu zopeza mphamvu amasonkhanitsidwa ndikusidwa sabata iliyonse. Ambiri a zinyalala kuti ife kutaya ku nyumba zathu ndi mabizinesi tsiku lililonse - monga mapulasitiki sanali recyclable, zomangamanga zinyalala, ntchito matayala, zinyalala banja, ndi zimbudzi - lili ndi mphamvu. Gasification ikhoza kusintha mphamvu mu zinthu zonse zoterezi kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi, m'malo mwa gasi lachilengedwe, mankhwala, mafuta oyendera, ndi feteleza.
Kusintha kwa
mpweya sikuwonjezera moto. Kulowetsa ndikuwotcha mafuta m'malo omwe mumakhala mpweya wambiri, momwe zinyalala zimaphatikizira ndikupanga kutentha ndi mpweya woipa, pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zina zowipitsa. Kusintha kwa mpweya ndi kutembenuza kwa chakudya kukhala mamolekyulu awo osavuta - kaboni monoxide, hydrogen ndi methane ndikupanga ma syngas omwe amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi kapena kupanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali.
Zimaononga ndalama
250 Miliyoni matani / Chaka Municipal Olimba Zinyalala
Malinga ndi Environmental Protection Agency US, chaka America kupanga za 250 miliyoni matani zinyalala oyang'anira tauni olimba (MSW) - pafupi mapaundi 4.5 pa munthu patsiku. MSW iyi imaphatikizapo zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zinyalala zakukhitchini ndi bwalo, zamagetsi, mababu opepuka, mapulasitiki, matayala ogwiritsa ntchito, ndi utoto wakale. Ngakhale ukuwonjezeka kwambiri yobwezeretsanso ndi mphamvu kuchira Pafupifupi gawo limodzi la okwana MSW ndi anachira - kusiya otsala kulandilidwa ndi mphambu ziwili (kapena matani mamiliyoni 135 / chaka) kuti mwazisiya mu landfills kapena incinerated. Ziwerengerozi sizikuphatikiza matani 7.2 miliyoni a biosolids kuchokera ku madzi akumwa, omwe ambiri amatulutsidwa kapena kuwotcha.
Mizinda ndi matauni amawononga ndalama mamiliyoni pachaka kuti atolere ndikuchotsa zinyalala za MSW pochotsa malo - pogwiritsa ntchito ma mahekitala masauzande ambiri. Limati ambiri aletsa incinerators ndi chiwerengero cha limati, monga New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, California ndi Florida akukumana ndi zochepa akhala akutayirapo dothi danga, kukakamiza iwo amanyamulira MSW mazana awo a mailosi kwa kutaya limati zina.
Kuphatikiza pa kudya malo ofunika, MSW yowonongekayi imatulutsa methane, mpweya wowonjezera kutentha, ndipo zinyalala zakudonthazo zingaopsezenso madzi apansi panthaka. Komabe, pali njira ina kulemba kuwononga kumeneku mu akhala akutayirapo dothi ndi - izo zikhoza kusinthidwa kudzera gasification mankhwala abwino.
Mabiliyoni a Tani Zachakudya Zamakampani Chaka chilichonse
maofesi aku America amataya zinyalala zokwana matani 7.6 biliyoni pachaka. Zinyalala Izi zikuphatikizapo mapulasitiki ndi resins, mankhwala, zamkati ndi pepala. Kuphatikiza apo, zinyalala zomwe zimapangidwa pomanga, kukonzanso ndi kuwononga nyumba, nyumba, misewu ndi milatho zimawonjezera matani 136 miliyoni miliyoni pachaka. (gwero: US EPA)
Zambiri mwazinyalala za mafakitaleyi ndizoyeneranso kupanga mpweya. Mwachitsanzo, zinyalala zomanga ndi kuwononga zitha kupakidwa mafuta kuti zitheke kupanga magetsi ndi zinthu zina. Zinyalala zamapulasitiki zosagwiritsidwanso ntchito zitha kupikidwanso.

MALANGIZO OGWIRA NTCHITO YOSANGALATSA

Kuyambira Zinyalala kuti Mphamvu ndi Wapatali Zamgululi
zonse zonyansa izi muli mphamvu makuponi. M'malo motaya gwero lamagetsi, mpweya umatha kusintha kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali, monga ma makemikolo, mpweya wamafuta achilengedwe, mafuta oyendera, ndi feteleza. Pafupifupi zinyalala ndi mphamvu zomera kuti ntchito misa kutentha moto angathe kutembenuza tani imodzi MSW pafupifupi 550 kilowatt-maola magetsi. Ndiukadaulo wamagetsi, toni imodzi ya MSW itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magetsi okwana maililitha 1,000, njira yabwino komanso yosavuta kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito gwero lamphamvu ili. Zinyalala za mafakitale zilinso ndi gwero lalikulu lamphamvu zopanda magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu zamagetsi opanga nkhuni ndi kuwononga zinyalala ndi pafupifupi 8,000 Btu / lb ndi pafupifupi 10,000 Btu / lb pama pulasitiki osakhazikikanso.
MSW gasization imakumana ndi zovuta zambiri. Chifukwa MSW imatha kukhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zotere, zida zake zingafunike kufufuzidwa kuti zithetse zinthu zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta kapena zomwe zingavulaze zida zamagetsi. Komanso, dongosolo gasification angafunike kutikonza nkhani zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana chifukwa zinthuzi akhoza gasified pamlingo wosiyanasiyana.
Kupitilira apo, chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino zakukhudzana kwa mpweya ndikuti ma syngas amatha kutsukidwa asanayesedwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuchotsera mitundu yambiri yazomwe zimayimira pambuyo poti zatsimikizidwe ndikutsatsa. Umisiri ntchito zinyalala gasification monga machitidwe ochiritsira gasification, komanso plasma Arc gasification. Kaya opangidwa kuchokera gasification ochiritsira kapena kuchokera m'madzi gasification, ndi syngas angagwiritsidwe ntchito reciprocating injini kapena turbines kupangira magetsi kapena zina kukonzedwa kwa zokolola wogwirizira gasi, mankhwala, feteleza kapena utsi kayendedwe, monga Mowa. Werengani zambiri za zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya.
Kusintha kwa
mpweya sikulepheretsa
Kuphatikiza apo, si mizinda yonse kapena matauni omwe amakhazikitsidwa kuti azisonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zinthu zobwezerezedwanso. Ndipo, monga anthu kukula, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kwaiye limakula. Chifukwa chake monga mitengo yobwezeretsanso ikachuluka, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kukuwonjezereka pamlingo wokulirapo. Zinyalala zonsezi zimayimira mphamvu zotayika komanso kufunika kwachuma - komwe mpweya wabwino umatha kulanda.
Phindu la za cuma
Gasifying zinyalala angapo a phindu zachilengedwe:
Kumachepetsa kufunika akhala akutayirapo dothi danga
amachepetsa mpweya wa methane
Kumachepetsa chiopsezo kuipitsidwa pansi kuchokera landfills
Extracts mphamvu useable kuchokera zinyalala zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kubala mtengo wapatali mankhwala
Angathe yobwezeretsanso alipo mapulogalamu
Kumachepetsa ntchito zipangizo namwali yoyenera kuti apange izi mankhwala mtengo wapatali
Kumachepetsa ndalama zoyendera zinyalala kuti palibe zofuna yaitali kuti zinatumizidwa mazana a mailosi kwa kutaya
Kumachepetsa ntchito mafuta okumba pansi


Post nthawi: Jun-04-2020

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