Gas

WUTA
GASKIYA 
GASKIYA
WUTA

Wannan tsohuwar fasaha ce da ke lalata abubuwa da ake amfani da ita don ƙona shara da sharar gida. Bugawa yana samar da iyakataccen zafi wanda yawanci ake amfani dashi don sanyaya zafin rana don samar da tururi don fitar da tururiyoyi don samar da ƙarancin wutar lantarki. Ba a ɗaukar wannan fasahar a zaman madadin mai amfani. Yawancin waɗannan tsoffin wuraren ana inganta su zuwa wuraren samar da iskar gas.

GASKIYA 

Wannan a sarari ana tsammanin shine hanya ta gaba ta dukkan hanyoyin aiki da yanayin. Gas gas mai sauƙin tsabtace fasaha ne mai tsabta wanda zai iya juya yawancin kiwo zuwa makamashi, yana taimakawa rage dogaro da tushen makamashin carbon wanda ke samar da madadin tushen tsabtace wutar lantarki, takin mai, mai, da sauran kayayyaki masu amfani. Gas gas yana canza kusan kowane abu ya zama mai amfani da isasshen gas (syngas). Ana iya amfani da syngas don samar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, ta hanyar amfani da iskar gas ko kuma amfani dashi don samar da gas, ruwa mai, madadin gas na halitta (SNG), ko hydrogen. Akwai tsire-tsire gas gas sama da 140 da ke aiki a duniya. Goma sha tara daga cikin ire-iren waɗannan tsire-tsire suna cikin Amurka. Ana hasashen ƙarfin gas a duk duniya wanda zai yi kashi 70% a shekarar 2015, tare da kashi 80% na wannan na faruwa a Asiya. Akwai kamfanoni da yawa da ke samar da fasahar gas. Akwai manyan nau'ikan gasification biyu; Pyrolysis da Plasma Arc.

GASKIYA

Gas Gas shine mafita mai dacewa ga matsalar muhalli
Duniyar tana fuskantar haɓaka cikin sauri game da buƙatar makamashi, da tsayayyen farashin makamashi, kuma ƙalubale don rage fitar da carbon dioxide daga haɓaka wutar lantarki da masana'antu. Babu wata fasaha ko fasaha guda daya da zata iya magance matsalar, amma gas gas na iya zama wani ɓangare na mafita tare da hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki kamar iska da shirye-shiryen samar da makamashi.
Gas gas na iya haɓaka tashar makamashi ta Amurka da ta duniya yayin ƙirƙirar ƙarancin iska, amfani da ƙarancin ruwa, da samar da ƙarancin kuzari fiye da yawancin fasahar makamashi na gargajiya. Ko dai a yi amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki, don samar da gas na musanya, ko don samar da samfuran makamashi mai yawa, gas gas yana da fa'idodin muhalli a kan fasahar yau da kullun.

Gasification yana ba da fa'idodi mai mahimmanci a cikin muhalli

Gasification shuke-shuke nuna muhimmanci ƙananan yawa daga iska pollutants.
Gasification iya rage muhalli tasiri na sharar gida dashi, domin zai iya yin amfani da sharar gida kayayyakin kamar yadda feedstock, da samar da muhimmanci da kayayyakin daga kayayyakin da za in ba haka ba za a zubar da tõzarta.
Abubuwan gas mai lalacewa ba mai haɗari bane kuma za'a iya kasuwa mai sauki.
tsire-tsire masu amfani da iskar gas suna amfani da ruwa kaɗan fiye da ƙarfe na tushen ƙarfe na yau da kullun, kuma ana iya tsara su don haka suna sake sarrafa ruwan su, ba wanda ya watsar da kowa cikin mahallin.
Za'a iya ɗaukar carbon dioxide (CO2) daga masana'antar gas gas na masana'antu ta amfani da fasaha ta tabbatar da kasuwanci. A zahiri, tun 2000, Babban Plains Substitute Natural Gas shuka a North Dakota yana ɗaukar adadin CO2 kamar yadda mai ƙarfin lantarki na MW 400 wanda zai samar da aika wannan CO2 ta bututun zuwa Canada don haɓaka Haɓakar mai.
Gas ya ba da hanya mafi tsabta, mafi inganci don samar da wutar lantarki daga mai da zaɓi mafi ƙarancin tsada don ɗaukar CO2 daga samar da wutar lantarki, a cewar Ma'aikatar Makamashin Amurka.

AMFANIN YANCIN ECONOMIC
Gas zai iya yin takara sosai a cikin yanayi mai kuzari don samar da wutar lantarki da kayayyaki.
Za a iya amfani da iskar gas don juya ƙananan farashi, irin su koko da koko, zuwa kayayyaki masu mahimmanci kamar wutar lantarki, canjin gas, gurɓataccen mai, kemikal, da takin zamani. Misali, inji mai sinadarai na iya yin amfani da iskar gas mai daskarewa ko kuma dumin dumin kwal a maimakon amfani da iskar gas mai tsada, ta hakan zai rage farashin da yake kashewa.
Duk da yake a gasification ikon shuka ne babban birnin m (kamar wani manya-manyan masana'antu shuka), ta aiki halin kaka ne yiwuwar ƙananan fiye da na al'ada matakai ko ci-kora shuke-shuke saboda gasification tsire-tsire ne da ya fi dacewa da bukatar kasa da baya-karshen gurbatawa iko kayan aiki. Tare da ci gaba da bincike da ƙoƙarin haɓakawa da ƙwarewar sarrafa kasuwanci, farashin waɗannan raka'a zai ci gaba da raguwa.
Gas ya ba da sassauci a kan mai. Tsarin gas gas na iya bambanta hadadden kayan kiwo, ko gudu akan mai ko kuma abincin kiwo-yana ba shi ƙarin 'yanci don daidaita farashin da wadatar abincinsa.
A ikon samar da wani yawan high-darajar kayayyakin a lokaci guda (polygeneration) kuma taimaka wani makaman biya diyya ta babban birnin kasar da kuma aiki halin kaka. Kari akan haka, babban aikin samarda gas na samar da abinci (sulfur da slag) ana iya zama mai saurin tallatawa. Misali, za a iya amfani da sulfur din a matsayin taki kuma za'a iya amfani da slag a cikin aikin titi ko kuma kayan kayan rufi.
Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki ta zamani mai fasahar zamani tare da fasaha ta hanyar kasuwanci wacce zata iya aiki tare da ingancin da yawansu ya kai kashi 38-41. Inganta fasaha a cikin gwaji na ci gaba zai haɓaka ingantaccen aiki zuwa mahimman matakan girma.
Gas zai iya sa hannun jari a cikin gida da ayyukan yi a masana'antu waɗanda ba su daɗewa saboda hauhawar farashin kuzari.
Mutane da yawa hasashen cewa ci-tushen ikon shuke-shuke da sauran masana'antu da wuraren za a buƙaci ka kama da kantin sayar da CO2, ko shiga cikin wani carbon hula da cinikayya kasuwar. A cikin wannan yanayin, ayyukan gas zai sami fa'ida tsada kan fasahar al'ada. Duk da yake yawan karɓa da ma'adinan CO2 zai haɓaka farashin kowane nau'in ƙarfafan ƙarfafan wutar lantarki, inji na IGCC zai iya kama da damfara CO2 akan rabin farashin tsirran gargajiya na gargajiya. Sauran zaɓuɓɓukan gas-gas, gami da samar da iskar gas, sinadarai, takin zamani, ko hydrogen, don ƙara kaɗan, suna da ƙananan farashin karɓa da kuma matsawa. Wannan zai samar da fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki da muhalli a cikin dunkulen duniya. (Dubi Carbon Kama & Matsawa Halin kaka.)
Gasification iya maye gurbin maras tabbas iskar gas a matsayin man fetur ko wani feedstock. Kara karantawa.
Ana amfani da iskar gas a duk faɗin duniya. Karanta ƙari game da tattalin arzikin gasification a aikace.

Chemicals da takin zamani
Wutar Lantarki tare da Gas
Maye gurbin Gas
Hydrogen don Siyarwa Mai
GASAR CIKIN GWAMNATI
Makomar Gas
Chemicals da takin zamani

Anyi amfani da gas gas na zamani a masana'antar sunadarai tun daga shekarun 1950s. Yawanci, masana'antun sunadarai suna amfani da gasification don samar da methanol har ma da sinadarai, kamar ammoniya da urea, waɗanda ke samar da tushen takin mai magani na nitrogen. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu gas gas a duk duniya suna samar da sunadarai da takin zamani. Kuma, yayin da farashin gas da farashin mai ke ci gaba da ƙaruwa, masana'antun sunadarai suna haɓaka ƙarin tsire-tsire mai gas don samar da waɗannan ginin ƙirar sunadarai.
Kamfanin Chemicalman na Eastman ya taimaka matuka wajen amfani da fasahar hada gas domin samar da sinadarai a masana'antar hada-da-sunadarai ta Eastman na Amurka a cikin Kingport, Tennessee ya juya turakun Appalachian zuwa methanol da acetyl sunadarai. Kamfanin ya fara aiki ne a shekarar 1983 kuma ya samar da kimanin ton miliyan 10 na kwal tare da kashi 98 zuwa 99 cikin 100 na hauhawar ruwa.

Wutar Lantarki tare da Gas

Za a iya amfani da wuta a matsayin ciyarwa don samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar gas, wanda aka fi sani da suna Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC). Wannan takamaiman fasahar samar da wutar lantarki zata bada damar ci gaba da amfani da kwal ba tare da babban matakin iska mai hadewa da fasahohin da ke amfani da wutar na yau da kullun ba. A cikin tsire-tsire masu ƙarfin gas, ana cire abubuwa masu gurɓataccen abu a cikin syngas kafin a haɗu da syngas a cikin turbines. Sabanin haka, fasahar tarawa na yau da kullun na kama gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ƙarfe bayan konewar, wanda ke buƙatar tsaftace babban adadin gas mai fitar mai. Wannan yana ƙaruwa da farashi, yana rage dogaro, kuma yana haifar da manyan ɓarnatattun sharar furucin da za a zubar da su a cikin shara ko lago.
A yau, akwai tsire-tsire masu samar da wutar gas guda 15 waɗanda ke aiki cikin nasara a duniya. Akwai irin waɗannan tsire-tsire guda uku waɗanda ke aiki a Amurka. Tsire-tsire a cikin Terre Haute, Indiana da Tampa, Florida suna ba da wutar lantarki mai saukarwa, kuma na ukun, a cikin garin Delaware, Delaware yana samar da wutar lantarki ga matatun mai na Valero. (Dubi Gaske Tsarin Gaske na Gas Duniya)

Maye gurbin Gas

Hakanan za'a iya amfani da gas Gas don ƙirƙirar madadin gas na gas (SNG) daga gawayi da sauran wuraren adana abinci, ƙari ga ajiyar gas na Amurka. Ta amfani da motsin “methanation”, sinadarin syngas-mai dauke da carbon-carbon da yawa (CO) da hydrogen (H2) - za'a iya canza riba zuwa methane (CH4). Kusan daidai da gas na yau da kullun, sakamakon SNG ana iya tura shi a cikin bututun gas na Amurka kuma ana amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki, samar da magunguna / takin mai magani, ko gidaje masu zafi da kasuwanci. SNG zai inganta amincin mai a cikin gida ta hanyar jigilar iskar gas da aka shigo dashi gaba daya wanda aka samar dashi a cikin nau'ikan gas na Gas (LNG).

Hydrogen don Siyarwa Mai

Hydrogen, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan biyu na syngas, ana amfani da shi ne a cikin masana'antar sake sarrafa mai don kwashe abubuwan da ke haifar da daga mai, mai, dizal, da jet, ta yadda za a samar da tsabtataccen gas da ake buƙata a cikin dokokin jihohi da tarayya. Hakanan ana amfani da hydrogen don haɓaka mai mai. A tarihi, matatun mai sun yi amfani da iskar gas don samar da wannan sinadarin hydrogen. Yanzu, tare da ƙara farashin gas na yau da kullun, masu matatun mai suna neman zuwa madadin wuraren adana kayan abinci don samar da hydrogen ɗin da ake buƙata. Abubuwan da aka kera na iya isar da ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci, kamar su coke mai, asphalts, tars, da kuma wasu ɓataccen mai daga aikin mai, don samar da iskar gas ɗin da ake buƙata da ƙarfi da tururi da ake buƙata don sarrafa matatun.
Transport habaka
Gasification za a iya amfani da su samar da sufuri habaka daga mai Sands, kwal da biomass. Karanta ƙari game da kowane ɗayan waɗannan kimiyoyi.

GASAR CIKIN GWAMNATI

Anyi amfanida Gas a ma'aunin kasuwanci a duniya sama da shekaru 50 ta masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, masana'antu, da takin zamani da masana'antar wutar lantarki fiye da shekaru 35. A halin yanzu, akwai tsire-tsire masu gas fiye da 340 — tare da masu aikin gas fiye da 820 — suna aiki a duniya.
Goma sha tara daga waɗancan tsirrai masu gas ɗin suna cikin Amurka. (Duba Tsarin Gashin tsire-tsire a cikin Amurka).

Makomar Gas

Ana hasashen karfin gas a duk duniya wanda zai yi kashi 70 cikin 100 a shekarar 2015, tare da kashi 80 na ci gaban da yake faruwa a Asiya. Firayim masu motsi a baya da wannan ana tsammanin ci gaban ne da sinadaran, taki, da kuma ci-to-taya masana'antu a China, mai Sands a Canada, polygeneration (hydrogen da ikon, ko sunadarai) da kuma musanya iskar gas a Amurka, da kuma refining a Turai
da amfani da gasification yana faɗaɗawa. Wasu ayyukan gas gas da yawa suna kan ci gaba don samar da tururi da iskar gas don haɓaka haɓakar mai a masana'antar yashi a Kanada. Bugu da kari, masana'antar takarda suna binciken yadda za'a iya amfani da gas gas don yin ayyukansu su zama masu dacewa da rage rafukan ɓata.
A adadin dalilai taimakawa wajen girma sha'awa cikin gasification, ciki har da maras tabbas mai da iskar gas farashin, mafi stringent muhalli da dokokinta, da kuma wani girma yarjejeniya cewa CO2 management zai iya zama da ake bukata a cikin ikon tsara da kuma samar da makamashi. (Duba Farashin Makamashi na Amurka).
Ana sa ran kasar Sin za ta iya samun saurin ci gaban gas a duk duniya. Tun daga 2004, an ba da lasisi da / ko kuma gina sabbin tsire-tsire iri iri a cikin kasar Sin. Sabanin haka, babu sababbin tsirran gas da suka fara aiki a Amurka tun daga 2002.
Ana tsammanin masana'antar gas ɗin ta yi girma sosai a Amurka duk da ƙalubale da yawa, gami da hauhawar farashin gini da rashin tabbas game da kwarin gwiwa da ka'idoji.

GASKIYA FASAHA

Fushin sufuri daga Sands na Man
"Sands na mai" a Alberta, Kanada ana tsammanin suna da yawan mai da za a iya murmurewa (a cikin bitumen) kamar manyan filayen mai a Saudi Arabia. Koyaya, don canza wannan albarkatun kasa zuwa kayan masarufi na buƙatar ma'adinan sandar mai da kuma sake samar da bitamin ɗin zuwa jigilar mai. Tsarin ma'adanan ya ƙunshi dumbin tururi don raba bitumen a cikin yashi kuma tsarin tsabtatawa na buƙatar ɗimbin yawa na hydrogen don haɓaka "danyen mai" zuwa samfuran da aka gama. Raguna daga tsarin haɓakawa sun haɗa da kayan kwalliya, kayan kwalliyar ƙasa, wuraren hutawa, da bututun mai / asfhaltenes - dukansu suna ɗauke da makamashi mara amfani.
A bisa ga al'ada, masu aikin yashi suna amfani da iskar gas don samar da tururi da sinadarin hydrogen da ake buƙata don hakar ma'adinai, haɓakawa, da kuma tsarin sarrafawa. Kodayake, da yawa daga cikin masu aiki zasuyi amfani da man petrol don samar da isasshen tururi da sinadarin hydrogen. Ba wai kawai samar da gas zai fitar da gas mai tsada a matsayin makiyaya ba, zai kuma ba da damar hakar makamashi mai amfani daga abin da in ba haka ba samfuri mai ƙarancin daraja (inji). Kari akan haka, za'a iya sake amfani da ruwa mai baƙar fata daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da sakewa zuwa ga masu saida gas ta amfani da tsarin ciyarwa, rage amfani da ruwan sha da ƙimar kula da ruwa. (Wannan ba abu bane mai mahimmanci ba, tunda ayyukan gargajiya yashi na cinye manyan ɗumbin ruwa.)
Fashin Jirgin Sama daga Coal
Gasification shine tushe don canza ma'adinan wuta da sauran matatun mai da gas na gas a cikin jigilar sufuri kamar su, mai, tsabtaccen daskarar dizal, jet man fetur, man naha, da mai na roba. Ana amfani da hanyoyi biyu na asali a cikin canza ma'adinan zuwa gas mai ta gas. A cikin farkon, syngas yana ɗaukar ƙarin tsari, amsawar Fischer-Tropsch (FT), don canza shi zuwa samfurin mai. FT ɗin, tare da mai a matsayin kayan kiwo, an ƙirƙira shi ne a cikin 1920s, Jamus ta yi amfani da shi yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an yi amfani da shi a Afirka ta Kudu tun shekarun 1950s. A yau, ana amfani dashi a Malesiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya tare da iskar gas kamar abinci.
A cikin tsari na biyu, wanda ake kira Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG), an fara canza syngas zuwa methanol (wani tsari ne na kasuwanci) kuma ana canza methanol zuwa fetur ta hanyar maida martani akan gado. Wani kamfani na MTG na kasuwanci ya sami nasarar yin aiki a shekarun 1980 zuwa farkon 1990 a New Zealand kuma ana samun ci gaba a China kuma a cikin
Jirgin Jirgin Sama
Gas ana amfani da shi azaman tushen canza ma'adinan halittu zuwa jigilar mai. Biomass, (kamar sharar gona, ciyawar ciyawa, ko sharar itace) an canza shi zuwa ga mai aiki ta gas. Sannan ana amfani da iskar gas din akan abubuwanda suka danganci abubuwa daban daban kuma aka canza su zuwa jigilar mai, kamar su cellulosic ethanol ko bio-dizal. Yawancin tsire-tsire-mai-ruwa-ruwa a yanzu suna cikin ci gaba.

PYROLYSIS 
Pyrolysis shine sinadaran thermo na lalata kayan kwayoyin halitta a yanayin zafi a yanayin rashin iskar oxygen. Pyrolysis yawanci yakan faru ne a matsin lamba kuma a yanayin zafi sama da 430 ° C (800 ° F). An tsara kalmar ne daga abubuwan da aka samo daga Girkanci pyr “wuta” da kuma tangarda “rabewa”. Pyrolysis shine yanayi na musamman na thermolysis, kuma anfi amfani dashi don kayan kwayoyin. Pyrolysis ko gasification na itace, wanda yake farawa a 200-300 ° C (390-570 ° F), kuma yana faruwa ta halitta misali a lokacin da ciyayi ya gamu da lawa a cikin fashewar volcanic. Gabaɗaya, pyrolysis na abubuwa masu guba suna samar da iskar gas da taya mai barin abin da ya ragu a cikin abun da ke cikin carbon. Cikakken ƙwayar cuta, wanda ke barin mafi yawan carbon a matsayin ragowar, ana kiran shi carbonization.

GASIFICATION PYROLYSIS

Sauƙaƙen zane na ƙirar kemistri. 
Pyrolysis shine sikelin thermochemical na kayan kwayoyi a yanayin zafi a yanayin rashin iskar oxygen. Pyrolysis yawanci yakan faru ne a matsin lamba kuma a yanayin zafi sama da 430 ° C (800 ° F). An tsara kalmar ne daga abubuwan da aka samo daga Girkanci pyr “wuta” da kuma tangarda “rabewa”.
Pyrolysis yanayi ne na musamman na thermolysis, kuma ana yawan amfani dashi don kayan abubuwa, kasancewar yana ɗayan matakan aiwatar da caji. Pyrolysis na itace, wanda yake farawa a 200-300 ° C (390-570 ° F), [1] yakan faru a misali a cikin gobara ko lokacin da ciyayi ya gamu da lawa a cikin fashewar volcanic. Gabaɗaya, pyrolysis na abubuwa masu guba suna samar da iskar gas da samfuran ruwa kuma yana barin ingantaccen abun da yafi ƙoshin abubuwa a cikin carbon. Cikakken ƙwayar cuta, wanda ke barin mafi yawan carbon a matsayin ragowar, ana kiran shi carbonization.
Ana amfani da tsari sosai a cikin masana'antar sinadarai, alal misali, don samar da gawayi, carbon da aka kunna, methanol da sauran sinadarai daga itace, don sauya sinadarin ethylene dichloride zuwa vinyl chloride don yin PVC, don samar da koko daga koko, don canza halittar halittar zuwa syngas, mai da sharar gida ya zama abubuwan da za'a iya amintattu, sannan kuma don samar da iskar gas mai matsakaicin nauyi daga mai zuwa mai mai kamar ta fetur. Wadannan ƙwararrun amfani da pyrolysis ana iya kiran su da sunaye daban-daban, kamar bushewar iska, distillation mai lalacewa, ko fashewa.
Pyrolysis kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin hanyoyin dafa abinci da yawa, kamar yin burodi, soya, gasa, da caramelizing. Kuma kayan aikin bincike ne na sinadarai, alal misali cikin yawan kallo da kuma a cikin karar-14 na Dating. Tabbas, yawancin abubuwan sunadarai masu mahimmanci, irin su phosphorus da sulfuric acid, an fara samun su ta wannan tsari. Pyrolysis an ɗauka cewa zai faru yayin catagenesis, canzawar kwayoyin halitta zuwa ga burbushin halittu. Hakanan asalinta ne na tushen fida.
A cikin tsarin sarrafa su, tsohuwar Masarawa sun yi amfani da cakuda abubuwa, gami da methanol, wanda suka samo daga pyrolysis na itace.
Pyrolysis ya bambanta da sauran matakan zafi-zafi kamar konewa da ruwa a cikin cewa wannan ba ya da nasaba da isashshen sunadarin oxygen, ruwa, ko wasu abubuwan sarrafawa. A aikace ba zai yuwu a cimma cikakkiyar yanayin iskar oxygen ba. Saboda wasu oxygen a bayyane a cikin kowane tsarin pyrolysis, ƙaramin abu na iskar shaka yana faruwa.
Hakanan ana amfani da kalmar ta lalata bazuwar kayan kwayoyin halitta a gaban ruwa mai narkewa ko tururi (hydrous pyrolysis), misali a cikin fashewar mai.
Tushewa da amfani da
Pyrolysis shine yawanci raunin sunadarai na farko wanda ke faruwa a cikin ƙone yawancin matatun mai, kamar itace, zane, da takarda, sharar gari da kuma wasu nau'ikan filastik. A cikin itacen wuta, ana iya ganin harshen wuta saboda konewar itace da kanta, a'a har da gas din da pyrolysis ke fitarwa; Ganin cewa wutar da take ƙonewa ƙonewa daga wuta ita ce ƙonewar ɓataccen saura (gawayi) wanda ya bari a baya. Saboda haka, pyrolysis na abubuwa na yau da kullun kamar itace, filastik, da sutura suna da matukar muhimmanci ga amincin kashe gobara da wuta.
Dafa abinci
Pyrolysis yana faruwa ne duk lokacin da aka fallasa abinci ga wadataccen yanayin zafi a cikin yanayin bushe, kamar gasa, gasa, toya, gasa, da sauransu. Tsarin sunadarai ne ke da alhakin samar da ɓarnar launin zinare a cikin abincin da waɗancan hanyoyin suka tanada. .
A cikin dafa abinci na yau da kullun, babban kayan abinci waɗanda ke wahala pyrolysis sune carbohydrates (gami da sugars, sitaci, da fiber) da sunadarai. Pyrolysis na kitse yana buƙatar zazzabi mai yawa sosai, kuma tunda yana samarwa da kayan guba da ƙone-kone (irin su acrolein), gaba ɗaya ana barin sa a dafa abinci na yau da kullun. Zai iya faruwa, koyaushe, lokacin cin abinci mai mai mai yawa akan coals mai zafi.
Kodayake ana aiwatar da dafa abinci koyaushe a cikin iska, yanayin zafi da yanayin muhalli suna da yawa cewa babu kaɗan ko babu konewar abubuwan asalin ko abubuwan lalata. Musamman, pyrolysis na sunadarai da carbohydrates yana farawa a yanayin zafi ƙasa da ƙarancin zafin wuta na ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa, kuma ƙananan abubuwan da ke canzawa suna tsunduma cikin iska don kunna wuta. (A cikin jita-jita na wutar wuta, wutar yana kasancewa mafi yawa saboda konewar giya, yayin da ɓawon burodi ya kasance shine ta hanyar yin burodi.)
Pyrolysis na carbohydrates da sunadarai suna buƙatar yanayin zafi sama da 100 ° C (212 ° F), don haka pyrolysis yayi ba ya faruwa muddin ana samun ruwa kyauta, misali a cikin tafasasshen abinci - ba ma cikin mai dafa abinci ba. Lokacin da ya yi zafi a gaban ruwa, carbohydrates da sunadarai suna shan wahala a hankali a hankali maimakon pyrolysis. Lallai, ga yawancin abinci, ana kiran pyrolysis zuwa saman abinci ne kawai, kuma yana farawa ne bayan waɗancan ɗakunan sun bushe.
Yanayin zafin jiki na pyrolysis duk da haka yana ƙasa da tafasasshen ƙwayar lipids, don haka pyrolysis yana faruwa ne yayin soya cikin man kayan lambu ko abincin da ya ci, ko kuma dafa nama a cikin kitse.
Pyrolysis shima yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da sha'ir sha'ir, kofi, da kuma gyada irin su gyada da almon. Tunda waɗannan sun ƙunshi mafi yawan kayan bushewa, aiwatar da pyrolysis ba'a iyakance zuwa shimfidar sama ba amma yana shimfida ko'ina cikin kayan. A duk waɗannan halayen, pyrolysis yana haifar da ko saki abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga dandano, launi, da kayan ƙirar halitta na samfurin ƙarshe. Hakanan yana iya lalata wasu abubuwa masu guba, mara dadi a cikin dandano, ko waɗanda zasu iya haifar da lalata.
Abubuwan sarrafawa masu narkewa na sukari wanda ke farawa a 170 ° C (338 ° F) yana samar da caramel, m ga samfurin ruwan-ruwa mai narkewa wanda aka yi amfani dashi sosai a cikin kayan kwalliya da (a cikin canza launi na caramel) azaman wakilin canza launi don abubuwan sha mai laushi da sauran masana'antu masu masana'antu kayayyakin abinci.
Ragowar m daga pyrolysis na abinci da aka zubar da shi ya haifar da launin launin ruwan kasa-baki wanda ake gani akan tasoshin dafa abinci, firam, da kuma murhun ciki.

Charcoal
Anyi amfani da
An samo gawayi ta hanyar daskarar da itace har zuwa cikakken pyrolysis (carbonization) ya faru, yana barin carbon da ash na toorganic kawai. A yawancin sassan duniya, gawayi ana samara da masana'antu a ƙasan masana'antu, ta hanyar ƙona tarin itacen katako wanda aka rufe da laka ko tubalin. Zafin da aka yi ta ƙone wani ɓangare na itace da daskararre mai yaduwa yana lalata sauran tarin. Iyakataccen isashshen oxygen yana hana gawayi suma suma. Wani sabon zaɓi na zamani shine a ƙona itace a cikin jirgin ruwa na ƙarfe, wanda yake ƙasa da ƙazanta da kuma ba da izinin samfuran mai canji.
Tsarin jijiya na asali na itace da pores wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar tseratar gas yana haɗuwa don samar da haske da wadataccen abu. Ta hanyar farawa da kayan itace mai kama da itace, kamar su nutshells ko peach duwatsu, mutum yana samun nau'ikan gawayi da kyawawan pores (kuma daga nan ya fi girma yanki mai yawa), wanda ake kira carbon mai aiki, wanda ake amfani dashi azaman adsorbent na da yawa kewayon abubuwa masu guba.
Sharan
biochar na Pyrolysis cikakke, misali daga gobarar dafa abinci, ana tsammanin sune mahimmin bangaren filayen terra preta wanda ke da alaƙa da tsoffin al'ummomin asalin yankin Amazon. Manoma na gida suna matukar bukatar Terra preta saboda ingantaccen haihuwarta idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa mai ja ta yankin. Ana ci gaba da ƙoƙarin gano ire-iren waɗannan ƙasa ta hanyar biochar, daɗaɗɗan ragowar pyrolysis na abubuwa da yawa, galibin sharar ƙasa.
Biochar yana haɓaka tsarin ƙasa da tsirrai, yana ƙara ƙarfin ikon riƙe takin ƙasa da sakin su a hankali. A dabi'ance ya ƙunshi yawancin abubuwan da ake buƙata na tsire-tsire, irin su selenium. Hakanan amintacce ne fiye da takin ƙasa "na halitta" kamar na gona ko najabin tun lokacin da aka lalata ta a zazzabi, kuma tunda ya fitar da kayan abinci a cikin jinkirin, yana rage haɗarin gurɓataccen teburin ruwa.
Hakanan ana yin la'akari da Biochar don jerin abubuwan carbon, tare da manufar rage zafi a duniya. Saboda pyrolysis yana ƙone gas da mai canzawa, biochar kawai yana fitar da tururi ruwa. Ta hanyar kona gas mai cutarwa, za a iya kwantawa wani nau'in carbon mai kwantar da hankali a cikin kasa inda zai kasance har tsawon dubunnan shekaru.
Ana amfani da Coke
Pyrolysis a kan babban sikeli don juya baƙin ƙarfe ya zama coke don ƙarfe, musamman baƙin ƙarfe. Hakanan za'a iya samar da Coke daga ingantaccen ragowar da ya rage daga matatun mai.
Wadancan abubuwan farawa yawanci suna dauke da sinadarin hydrogen, nitrogen ko atoms oxygen hade da carbon a cikin kwayoyin matsakaici zuwa nauyi mai nauyi. Hanyar yin coke ko "matakala" tsari ya ƙunshi dumama kayan cikin jirgin ruwa mai rufewa zuwa matsanancin zafi (har zuwa 2,000 ° C ko 3,600 ° F), don waɗannan kwayoyin sun lalace zuwa abubuwa masu sauƙi, waɗanda suka bar jirgin ruwa, da saura mai laushi amma mai wahalar gaske wanda yawanci carbon ne da inorganic ash. Yawan volatiles ya bambanta da kayan asalin, amma yawanci 25-30% na shi da nauyi.
Fiber
Carber Fibers Carbon sune filaments na carbon wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don yin yadin da yadudduka masu ƙarfi. Abubuwan da ke cikin Carbon fiber sune yawanci ana yin su ta hanyar feshewa da saƙa abun da ake so daga ƙwayoyin polymer ɗin da suka dace, sannan kuma pyrolyzing kayan a zazzabi mai zafi (daga 1,500-3,000 ° C ko 2,730-55,430 F).
Farkon carbon fibers an yi shi ne daga rayon, amma polyacrylonitrile ya zama mafi yawan abubuwan farawa
Don fitilun lantarki na farko masu aiki, Joseph Wilson Swan da Thomas Edison sun yi amfani da filayen carbon da aka yi da silsilysis na auduga da kuma fashewar abubuwa, bi da bi.
Biofuel
Pyrolysis shine tushen hanyoyin da yawa da ake haɓaka don samar da mai daga biomass, wanda zai iya haɗawa ko dai albarkatun gona da aka shuka don dalili ko kayan sharar ƙirar halitta daga wasu masana'antu.
Kodayake har yanzu ba a iya samar da man dizal na mai kai tsaye ta hanyar pyrolysis na abubuwa na kwayoyin halitta ba, akwai wata hanya don samar da makamantan ruwa ("man-bio") wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman mai, bayan cire abubuwa masu mahimmanci na kimiyyar halitta da za'a iya amfani dasu. a matsayin kayan abinci ko kuma magunguna. Ana samun ingantaccen aiki ta hanyar da ake kira filayen pyrolysis inda aka raba abincin makiyaya cikin sauri zuwa tsakanin 350 da 500 ° C (660 da 930 ° F) ƙasa da 2 seconds.
Hakanan ana iya samar da man mai kama da haske mai ƙarancin mai ta hydrous pyrolysis daga yawancin nau'in kiwo, gami da sharar gida daga alade da turkey, ta wani tsari da ake kira thermal depolymerization (wanda duk da haka yana iya haɗawa da wasu halayen banda pyrolysis).
Zubar da sharar filastik
Ana kuma amfani da pyrolysis don samar da mai mai mai kama da dizal daga sharar filastik.
Ayyuka
A cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu da yawa, ana aiwatar da tsari a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba kuma a yanayin zafi sama da 430 ° C (806 ° F). Don sharar gona, alal misali, yanayin zafin rana shine 450 zuwa 550 ° C (840 zuwa 1,000 ° F).
Vacuum pyrolysis
A cikin inzain pyrolysis, ana yin abu mai zafi a cikin injin don ragewa tafashin tafarnuwa da kuma guje wa halayen masu illa. Ana amfani dashi a cikin sunadarai na halitta azaman kayan aiki na roba. A cikin injin mara nauyi ko FVT, yanayin zama na maɓallin a zazzabi mai aiki yana iyakantacce gwargwadon damar, sake don rage halayen na biyu.
Matakai domin biomass pyrolysis
Tun pyrolysis ne endothermic, hanyoyi daban-daban da aka samarwa don samar da zafi da maida martani biomass barbashi:
M konewa na biomass kayayyakin ta hanyar iska allura. Wannan yana haifar da samfuran inganci.
Canjin zafi kai tsaye tare da mai mai zafi, gas ɗin abin da ya dace wanda aka sake yin amfani dashi. Matsalar ita ce samar da isasshen zafi tare da ƙimar iskar gas mai ma'ana.
Madaidaita canjin zafi tare da saman musaya (bango, shambura). Zai yi wuya a sami madaidaicin canjin zafi a garesu na saman musayar zafi.
Canjin zafi kai tsaye tare da daskararru wurare dabam dabam: Solaskararruka masu canza wurin zafi tsakanin mai ƙonewa da mai juyarwa mai narkewa. Wannan ingantacciya ce amma fasaha ce mai wahala.
Don Flash pyrolysis da biomass dole ne a ƙasa cikin lafiya barbashi da insulating char Layer cewa Forms a farfajiya na amsa barbashi dole ne a ci gaba da cire. An gabatar da waɗannan fasahar masu zuwa biomass pyrolysis:
Anyi amfani da gadaje masu gadaje don aikin gargajiya na gawayi. Orarancin, jinkirin canja wuri mai zafi ya haifar da ƙarancin wadataccen ruwa.
Agusta: An samo wannan fasaha ta hanyar Lurgi don inganta gas. Yarinya mai zafi da barbashi na biomass ana ciyar dasu a ƙarshen ƙarshen dunƙule. Scan din din din din din din din din din din din din din din din ne. Yana samar da kyakkyawan tsari na lokacin zama na biomass. Ba ya narke samfuran pyrolysis tare da mai ɗaukar haya ko gas mai ba da ruwa. Koyaya, yashi dole ne a sake ruwa a cikin wani jirgin ruwa daban, amintaccen aikin injiniya damuwa ne. Babu wani babban tsarin kasuwanci.
Abubuwan da ke ƙasa: Abubuwan da aka dasa sunadarai suna motsawa cikin babban ƙarfi akan maƙalarin karfe mai zafi. Ablation na kowane caji a saman barbashi yana kula da yawan zafin wuta. Ana iya cimma wannan ta hanyar amfani da zahirin karfe a cikin babban sauri a cikin gado na barbashi, wanda zai iya gabatar da matsalolin dogaro da injina amma ya hana duk wani narkewar samfuran. A matsayin madadin, ana iya dakatar da barbashi a cikin mai ɗaukar kaya kuma a gabatar da shi cikin babban sauri ta hanyar guguwa wanda katangarrsa ta yi zafi; kayayyakin suna narkewa tare da iskar gas. Matsalar da aka raba tare da duk hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa shine cewa yin sikelin yana yin wahala tunda rabo daga bango zuwa ƙarar mai lalacewa kamar yadda yake ƙaruwa lokacin da aka kunna mashin. Babu wani babban tsarin kasuwanci.
Cone mazugi: An shigar da yashi mai zafi da aka riga aka sanya shi da barbashi a cikin mazugi mai juyawa. Sakamakon jujjuya mazugi, cakuda yashi da halittu masu motsi suna wucewa ta tsakiyar mazugi ta hanyar centrifugal. Kamar sauran masu safarar-gado masu ƙarfin gado waɗanda ke da lalacewa mai laushi ana buƙata su sami ƙwayar ruwa mai kyau. Babu wani babban tsarin kasuwanci na kasuwanci.
gadaje masu ruwa-ruwa: Ana shigar da barbashi masu amfani a cikin gado na yashi mai zafi wanda gas ke motsa shi, wanda yawanci gas ne mai girke girke. Babban adadin canja wurin zafi daga yashi mai gurɓataccen sakamako yana haifar da saurin dumama ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. Akwai wasu laulayi ta hanyar ɗora hankali tare da yashi, amma ba shi da tasiri kamar yadda ake ɗaukar abubuwa masu sulhuntawa. Yawancin zafi ana bayar dashi ta bututun mai musayar zafi ta hanyar abin da zafi yake konewa. Akwai wasu dilution na samfuran, wanda yasa hakan yafi wahalar rikicewa sannan kuma cire ƙwayayen mai daga iskar gas ɗin da ke fitar da kayan kwalliya. Kamfanoni irin su Dynamotive da Agri-Therm sun inganta wannan tsari. Babban ƙalubalen shine a haɓaka inganci da daidaituwar mai mai.
Kewaya gadaje mai ratsa jiki: An gabatar da barbashi masu amfani da kwayoyin halitta a cikin gado mai yaduwar yashi mai zafi. Gas, yashi da gwanayen halittun biomass suna tafiya tare, tare da jigilar gas yawanci shine gas mai samfurin da aka sake dawo dashi, kodayake yana iya kasancewa gas mai ƙonewa. Matsakaicin motsi mai zafi daga yashi yana tabbatar da saurin dumama ƙwayar barbashi da ƙonewa fiye da gadaje mai cike da ruwa. Mai saurin mai rarrabewa yana raba gas ɗin da samfurin daga yashi da barbunan caji. Yatsan yashi suna sake zama cikin jirgin mai ƙone da wuta wanda aka sake haɗa shi da mai ƙoshin mai. Kodayake ana iya samun sauƙin aiwatar da wannan tsari, yana da wahala sosai kuma samfura sun lalace sosai, wanda ke rikita batun dawo da samfuran ruwa.
Tushen masana'antu
Yawancin tushen kwayoyin halitta ana iya amfani dashi azaman ciyar da dabbobi don maganin ƙwayar cuta. Abubuwan shuka masu dacewa sun haɗa da: greenwaste,, sawdust, itace ɓata, ciyawar huhun ciki; da maɓuɓɓugan aikin gona waɗanda suka hada da: ƙwayoyin huhu, bambaro, shara, auduga, shinkafa, canjin ciyawa; da zuriyar dabbobi, kiwo da kiwo da kuma wasu abubuwan kiwo. Ana amfani da Pyrolysis a matsayin wani nau'i na jiyya na zafi don rage ƙarar sharar gida. Wasu samfuran masana'antu suma suna dacewa da kayan abinci wanda ya haɗa da kunar takarda da hatsi
mai ban sha'awa Hakanan akwai yiwuwar haɗawa tare da sauran hanyoyin kamar maganin ƙirar halitta da kuma narkewar anaerobic.
Kayayyakin masana'antu
syngas (cakuda cakuda carbon monoxide da hydrogen): ana iya samarwa a cikin wadataccen adadin duka don samar da kuzarin da ake buƙata don pyrolysis da wasu samarwa da yawa
chararfin caji wanda za'a iya ƙone don makamashi ko sake yin amfani dashi azaman taki (biochar) .
Kariyar Wuta Gobara mai 
lalacewa a cikin gine-gine za ta yi yawanci tare da iyakancewar isashshen oxygen, sakamakon haifar da maganganu na pyrolysis. Saboda haka, hanyoyin aiwatar da abubuwan da ke faruwa na Pyrolysis da abubuwan da ke cikin pyrolysis na kayan suna da mahimmanci a cikin aikin inshorar kariya na wuta don kariya ta kashe wuta. Gas carbon na Pyrolytic yana da mahimmanci ga masu binciken wuta azaman kayan aiki don gano asalin da dalilin gobara.

GASKIYA PLASMA ko PLASMA ARC GASIFICATION
Wasu nau'ikan gas gas suna amfani da fasahar plasma, wacce ke haifar da matsanancin zafi don farawa da haɓaka halayen gas. Za'a iya amfani da gas gas ta plasma ko gass mai taimaka wa plasma don canza kayan da ke ɗauke da carbon zuwa aikin gas wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki da sauran kayayyaki masu amfani, kamar sufuri na sufuri. A wani yunƙuri na rage duka tattalin arziƙi da na muhalli na sarrafa gurɓataccen birni, (wanda ya haɗa da ginin da rushewar gidaje) birane da yawa suna aiki tare da kamfanonin iskar gas na plasma don aika ɓarnar to waɗannan wuraren. Cityaya daga cikin birni a Japan ya mantar da tokar ta don samar da wutar lantarki. Bugu da kari, masana'antu daban-daban wadanda suke haifar da lahani mai cutarwa a matsayin wani bangare na ayyukansu na masana'antu (kamar masana'antar sarrafa sinadarai da sake fasalin) suna nazarin gas gas din plasma a matsayin hanya mai matukar tsada ta sarrafa wadancan rafukan.
Plasma
Plasma iskar gas ce mai ionized wacce aka kirkira lokacin da ingin lantarki ya wuce ta gas. Haske mai saurin haskakawa daga walƙiya misali ne na plasma wanda aka samo a yanayi. Torarfin wuta da arcs suna canza wutar lantarki zuwa ƙarfin ƙarfe (zafi). Wuraren Plasma da robobi na iya samar da yanayin zafi har zuwa digiri 10,000 na Fahrenheit. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin inji mai ƙarfi, ƙirar plasma da arcs suna haifar da wannan zafin mai zafi, wanda yake farawa da kuma haɓaka halayen gas, kuma har ila yau suna iya haɓaka adadin waɗannan halayen, yana sa gas ɗin ya fi dacewa.
Tsarin Gas na Plasma
A cikin gasifier, gas ɗin wuta daga wutar tarans na plasma ko baka suna hulɗa da abincin, kamar sharar gari, datti mai ɓarna, sharar likita, ƙirar ƙasa ko haɗari mai laushi, dumama shi zuwa sama da digiri 3,000 na Fahrenheit. Wannan matsanancin zafi yana kula da halayen gas, wanda ke raba bankunan sunadarai na abinci kuma ya canza su zuwa gas (syngas). Syngas ya kunshi carbon monoxide da hydrogen — ginin gidaje na farko don sunadarai, takin zamani, madadin gas, da gas mai jigilar ruwa. Hakanan za'a iya tura syngas zuwa ga turbines din gas ko injin din ragi don samar da wutar lantarki, ko kuma hada karfi don samar da tururi ga mai amfani da injin tururi.
Saboda yadda ake mayar da abincin cikin gasifier an canza shi zuwa abubuwan su na asali, har ma sharar mai haɗari ya zama syngas mai amfani. Kayayyakin da ba su da kyau a cikin garken sun narke kuma ana haɗa su cikin gilashin-kamar gilashi, wanda ba shi da haɗari kuma ana iya amfani da shi a aikace-aikace da yawa, kamar ginin ƙasa da kayan rufi.
Amfani da
fasahar Plasma na
A halin yanzu akwai tsire-tsire gas gas na plasma da ke aiki a Japan, Kanada da Indiya. Misali, Cibiyar a Utashinai, Japan ta kasance tana cikin kasuwancin tun daga 2001, samar da iskar sharar gari da sharar gida don fitar da wutar lantarki. Akwai tsire-tsire da gas gas ɗin plasma gas da yawa da ke samarwa a Amurka.
Amfanin Plasma Gasification
Plasma gasification na
Yana buɗe mafi yawan kuzari daga sharar gida
Ana iya haɗawa da kiwo, kamar sharar gari, abubuwan sarrafawa, tayoyi, sharar haɗari, da sharar tuka
Yana ba samar da methane, iskar gas mai tsafta
Ba mai fashewa ba ne don haka baya haifar da kasa ash ko yashiga ash
Yana rage bukatar datti da sharar gida
Yana fitar da sinadarin syngas, wanda za'a iya tarwatsa shi a cikin bututun gas ko sake jera shi don samar da shi lantarki ko kara sarrafa a cikin sunadarai, gargajiya, ko kuma harkokin sufuri habaka-sa'an nan rage bukatar budurwa kayan samar da wadannan kayayyakin
Yana yana exceptionally low muhalli watsi

GASKIYAR BIOMASS
Biomass ya haɗa da kayan abubuwa da yawa, gami da noman makamashi kamar ciyawa da ciyayi da abubuwa kamar su masarar masara, katuwar katako, katako da kuma ɓauren katako, sharar gida, ginin da kuma rushewar gida, da kuma daskararren abubuwa irin na gurɓataccen ruwa. . Gas gas yana taimakawa dawo da makamashin da aka kulle a cikin waɗannan kayan kuma yana iya canza biomass zuwa wutar lantarki da samfurori, kamar ethanol, methanol, gas, da takin mai magani.
Tsarin gas na gas na zamani ya sha bamban da kadan daga manyan hanyoyin samar da gas da aka saba amfani dashi a manyan wuraren masana'antu kamarsu tsirrai masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, kayan girke-girke, da tsirrai masu guba, dukda cewa ire-iren gas na iya bambanta cikin sauki.
Dabbobin Dabbobin
Kayan kwalliya galibi suna ƙunshi babban adadin danshi wanda zai iya zama 25% (In Weight) a wasu yanayi. Kasancewar matakan danshi a cikin halittun yana rage yawan zazzabi a cikin gasifier, wanda hakan zai rage karfin gas din. Saboda haka, yawancin fasahohin samarda gas ɗin biomass suna buƙatar cewa a ƙone biomass ɗin don rage abun danshi kafin ciyarwa a cikin gasifier. Wannan na iya zama ƙarin fa'ida saboda za a iya fitar da danshi kuma a sarrafa shi cikin ruwa mai dumbin yawa (Distilled). Tsabta ruwa.
Tsarin iska mai tsafta
Mafi yawancin tsarin gas na gas yana amfani da iska maimakon iskar oxygen don halayen gas. Masu aikin gas da ke amfani da iskar oxygen suna buƙatar rabewar iska don samar da iskar gas / ruwa mai guba; Wannan yawanci bashi da amfani mai karamin karfi yayin da ake amfani da su a kananan tsire-tsire. Masu aikin gas na iska suna amfani da iskar oxygen a cikin iska don halayen gas.
Scale na tsire-tsire
Gabaɗaya, tsire-tsire gas gas na ƙasa sunyi ƙanƙantar da ƙanana da tsire-tsire na al'ada ko tsire-tsire na gas na gas da aka yi amfani da su a cikin masana'antar iko, sunadarai, taki da masana'antu masu gyarawa. Saboda haka, basu da tsada sosai don ginawa kuma suna da ƙarami kan “sawun ƙafa”. Duk da yake babban masana'antar gas masana'antu na iya ɗaukar kadada 150 na ƙasa da sarrafa tan 2,500-15,000 a kowace rana na kiwo (kamar haƙar mai ko mai), ƙaramin tsire-tsire masu ba da izini suna sarrafa tan 25-200 na abincin dabbobi a kowace rana kuma suna ɗaukar ƙasa kaɗan fiye da gona wajen kadada 10.
Biomass zuwa Ethanol da Man Fetur Liquid
A halin yanzu, yawancin ethanol ana samarwa ne daga hatsi na masara. Ana buƙatar adadin masara da ƙasa, ruwa da taki don samar da ethanol. Kamar yadda ake amfani da masara da yawa, akwai damuwa game da karancin masara don abinci. Gas man gas, irin su masara, masara, da cobs, da sauran kayan sharar gona don samar da ethanol da man gas kamar su dizal da kuma jet na iya taimakawa wannan gasa ta abinci.
Halittu, irin su katako na katako, yadi da sharar amfanin gona, da “albarkatu na makamashi” kamar ciyawar juji da sharar gida daga kayan karafa da takaddun takarda za a iya amfani da su don samar da ethanol da dizal na roba. A farko an samarda gas din ne don samar da gas na roba (syngas), sannan kuma ya canza shi ta hanyar magunan da ke cikin wadannan kayayyakin na kasa.
Biomass zuwa Power
Biomass ana iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki - ko dai a cakuda shi da wuraren saida kayan gargajiya, kamar na kwal ko da kansa. Kamfanin tsiron IGCC na NuCC da ke Buggenum, Netherlands yana hade da kimanin 30% na biomass tare da kwal a tsarin sarrafa gasrsu don samar da wutar lantarki.
Yanke Kudin, Kara Inganta
Kowace shekara, gundumomi suna kashe miliyoyin daloli don tarawa da kuma zubar da shara, kamar sharar gida (ganyen ciyawa da ganyayyaki) da ginin da kuma tarkace. Duk da yake wasu biranen takin ƙasa sun ɓata, wannan yana ɗaukar rabon abubuwa daban daban ta hanyar birni wanda shine kuɗin da yawa biranen da basa iya biyan su.
Yard sharar gida da tarkace ginin da kuma rushewar za su iya ɗaukar fili mai faɗi na ɗaukar ƙasa, tare da rage rayuwar maƙuwar ƙasa. Yawancin biranen suna fama da karancin filin saukar ruwa. Tare da kawo gas, wannan abun ba shi ne ɓata ba, amma makiyaya ne domin mai gas. Maimakon biya don zubar da sarrafa ɓacewa na shekaru a cikin shara, amfani da shi azaman ciyar da kayan rage farashin zubar da kaya, sararin samaniya ya mayar da sharar zuwa wutar lantarki da mai.
Fa'idodin Gas Gas
Canza samfurin sharar gida zuwa kuzari mai mahimmanci & samfurori
Rage buƙataccen filin ƙasa don zubar da shara mai lalacewa
Rage ƙarancin methane daga
Rage haɗarin gurɓatar da ruwa daga gurɓataccen ƙasa
Haɓakar ethanol daga tushen rashin abinci

GASKIYAR WASTE

Jefar da Gas Away Energy
Gas zai iya canza abubuwa da aka ɗauke su ƙazamar ƙazanta zuwa makamashi da samfurori masu mahimmanci. A Amurka kadai dubun dubunnan hanyoyin samarda makamashi ana tara su a kowace mako. Yawancin sharar da muke zubar daga gidajen mu da kasuwancinmu a kowace rana - kamar su robobi mara-maƙar sake buɗewa, tarkace gine-ginen, tayoyin da aka yi amfani da su, sharar gida, da kuma najabin ruwa - sun ƙunshi makamashi. Gas gas na iya canza kuzarin a cikin duk wannan sharar zuwa wutar lantarki, musanya gas, abubuwan sunadarai, man sufuri, da takin zamani.
Gas ba
tsohuwa bane Farfajiyar wuta shine ƙonawar mai a cikin yanayi mai wadatar oxygen, inda kayan sharar gida suke haɗuwa da samar da zafi da carbon dioxide, tare da sauran abubuwan gurɓataccen iska. Gas gas shine canza kayan kiwo zuwa ga mafi sauki kwayoyin - carbon monoxide, hydrogen da methane suna yin syngas wanda a sannan za'a iya amfani dashi don samar da wutar lantarki ko samar da samfura masu mahimmanci.
Aikin Gaggawar
Million 250 / Shekarar Mummunan Maguna
A cewar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka, a kowace shekara Baƙi na samar da kimanin tan miliyan 250 na ƙazamar ƙazantaccen birni (MSW) - kimanin fam miliyan 4.5 kowace mutum a rana. Wannan MSW ta ƙunshi ɓataccen asara, da suka haɗa da sharar dafaffen gida da yadi, kayan lantarki, kwararan fitila, filastik, tayoyin da aka yi amfani da su, da tsohon zane. Duk da gagarumin ƙaruwa a sake sarrafawa da sake dawo da makamashi, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar na MSW an dawo dasu - barin sauran kashi biyu cikin uku (ko kuma tan miliyan 135 / shekara) don tsabtace su a cikin zubar da shara ko ƙonewa. Wadannan alkalumma basu hada da tan miliyan 7.2 bushe na biosolids daga aikin sharar ruwa ba, wanda galibinsu kuma ana zubar da ruwa ko kuma ba ruwansu.
Biranen da biranen suna kashe miliyoyin daloli a shekara don tattara da kuma zubar da sharar gida na MSW a cikin shara na ƙasa - ta amfani da dubban kadada na ƙasa. Yawancin jihohi sun hana masu shigo da kaya da jihohi da yawa, irin su New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Connecticut, California da Florida suna fuskantar karancin fili mai filayen ruwa, tilasta su jigilar MSW ɗaruruwan mil don zubar da su a sauran jihohin.
Baya ga cinye ƙasa mai mahimmanci, ƙaddamar da MSW yana haifar da methane, gas na gas, da kuma ɓarnatarwa na iya haifar da barazana ga ruwan ƙasa. Koyaya, akwai wani zaɓi don sanya wannan sharar a cikin ɗaukar kaya - ana iya jujjuya shi ta hanyar gas zuwa samfuran amfani.
Biliyoyin onsa ofar Industrialarfin Masana'antu A Kowace shekara
Cibiyoyin masana'antu na Amurka suna zubar da tan miliyan 7.6 na ƙazantar masana'antu a shekara. Wannan sharar gida ta hada da robobi da kuma resins, sunadarai, pulp da takarda. Bugu da kari, tarkace da aka kirkira yayin gini, gyara da rushewar gine-gine, gidaje, hanyoyi da gadoji yana kara tan miliyan 136 / shekara. (tushe: US EPA)
Mafi yawan wannan sharar masana'antu kuma sun dace da gas. Misali, sharar gida da rushewar gida za a iya sanya gas don samar da wutar lantarki da kayayyaki. Hakanan za'a iya lalata gasasshen masana'anta na masana'antu waɗanda ba a sake sarrafawa ba.

CIKIN MAGANAR CIKIN WASAHA

Daga Sharar Gaggawa zuwa Kuzari da Kayayyakin Samfura
Duk wannan sharar gida ta ƙunshi makamashi mara amfani. Maimakon watsar da tushen kuzarin, gas gas na iya sauya shi zuwa wutar lantarki da sauran kayayyaki masu mahimmanci, kamar su kemikal, madadin gas, abubuwan sufuri, da takin zamani. A matsakaici, tsirrai masu lalata-makamashi masu amfani da wutar dumu-dumu na iya sauya tan miliyan na MSW zuwa kimanin kilo 550 na wutar lantarki. Tare da fasahar gas, za'a iya amfani da tan na MSW ɗaya don samar da wutar lantarki zuwa kilo-kilowatt dubu-1,000, hanya mafi inganci da tsabta don amfani da wannan tushen makamashi. Sharar gida masana'antu kuma ya ƙunshi babban tushen makamashi mara amfani. Misali, yawan makamashin ginin katako da sharar gidaje yakai 8,000 Btu / lb kuma kimanin 10,000 Btu / lb ga filastar masana'antu wadanda ba za'a sake fasalinsu ba.
Tsarin gas na MSW yana fuskantar kalubaloli da yawa. Saboda MSW na iya ƙunsar irin waɗannan nau'ikan abubuwa da yawa, ana iya buƙatar kayan da za'a iya raba abubuwa don kawar da waɗancan abubuwan da ba za a iya girka su ba ko kuma za su cutar da aikin gas. Kari akan haka, za'a iya samar da tsarin gas din don sarrafa abubuwa daban-daban saboda wadannan kayan na iya amfani da su ta fannoni daban-daban.
Furtherarin gaba, ɗayan mahimmancin gas gas shine cewa ana iya tsabtace syngas na gurɓatattun abubuwa kafin amfani dashi, yana kawar da yawancin nau'ikan bayan abubuwa (bayan-konewa) tsarin sarrafa iska wanda ake buƙata ta tsirrai. Fasaha da aka yi amfani da su a cikin iskar gas na sharar gida sun hada da tsarin gas gas na al'ada, ka da gas gas. Ko dai an samo asali ne daga gas na yau da kullun ko daga gass na plasma, ana iya amfani da syngas a cikin injin din roba ko turbines don samar da wutar lantarki ko ci gaba da sarrafawa don samar da madadin gas, abubuwan sunadarai, takin mai ko jigilar mai, kamar ethanol. Karanta abubuwa game da kayayyakin gas.
Gas Gas baya Rage Wahalar Yin
Haɓaka Gas Gas baya gasa tare da ma'anar sake amfani. A zahiri, yana haɓaka shirye-shiryen girke girke. Kayayyakin da za a iya sake amfani da su ya kamata a karfafa su. Koyaya, kayan abubuwa masu yawa, kamar ƙarfe da gilashi, dole ne a cire su daga rafin MSW kafin a ciyar dashi cikin mai. Tsarin sarrafa gas na samarda kayan abinci wanda aka kara gaba-gaba don cim ma hakar karafa, gilasai da kayan kayan maye, wanda ya haifar da karuwar sake amfani da amfani da kayan. Bugu da kari, robobi da yawa ba za'a iya sake amfani dasu ba ko kuma ba'a sake yin amfani dasu da su ba, kuma in ba haka ba zasu ƙare a cikin shara. Irin waɗannan robobi sune kyawawan, abincin makamashi don gas.
Kari ga haka, ba duk garuruwa ko ƙauyukan da aka kafa don tattarawa da aiwatar da kayan da aka sabke ba. Kuma, yayin da jama'a ke haɓaka, adadin sharar gida da aka samar yana ƙaruwa. Don haka ko da yawan maimaitawa yana ƙaruwa, adadin sharar gida yana ƙaruwa a mafi girma. Duk wannan sharar gida tana wakiltar asarar kuzari da darajar tattalin arziki - wanda gas zai iya kamawa.
AMFANIN YANCIN ECONOMIC
Gasifying sharar gida yana da yawan gagarumin muhalli amfanin:
Rage bukatar landfill sarari
Rage-rage methane watsi
Rage hadarin ruwan karkashin kasa samu daga landfills
ruwan 'ya'ya useable makamashi daga sharar gida cewa za a iya amfani da su samar da darajar kayayyakin
kara habaka data kasance sake amfani shirye-shirye
Rage amfani da kayan budurwa da ake buƙata don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki masu ƙima
Rage farashin sufuri don sharar gida wanda ba zai buƙaci jigilar ɗaruruwan mil don zubar dashi ba
rage amfani da mai daɗin mai.


Lokacin aikawa: Jun-04-2020

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